1. Genetic variation in bacteria Including antibiotic resistance

2. Adaptation Organisms adjust to suit the changing environment by natural selection – This is adaptation This increases the reproductive success of an organism by helping members survive for longer Adaptation and selection are important factors in the diversity of living organisms

3. Diversity and DNA DNA is the genetic information passed from one generation to the next Diversity in organisms arises from: – Mutations in DNA – Recombining DNA of two individuals – sexual reproduction

4. Diversity in bacteria Namely arises via mutations and a process called conjugation Conjugation occurs when one bacterial cell transfers DNA to another Although conjugation recombines DNA from two individuals, it is not sexual reproduction Allows genes for antibiotic resistance and other characteristics to be exchanged by horizontal gene transfer

5. Conjugation Conjugation tube forms The donor cells replicates the plasmid The plasmid is cut and becomes linearised so it can move through conjugation tube The plasmid enters the recipient cell and forms a new circular plasmid F factor = plasmid

6. Antibiotic resistance: two important animations!! First one focuses on conjugation Second is about antibiotic resistance http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/animatio ns/conjugation/conj_frames.htm http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/animatio ns/conjugation/conj_frames.htm http://www.sumanasinc.com/scienceinfocus/s if_antibiotics.html http://www.sumanasinc.com/scienceinfocus/s if_antibiotics.html

7. Antibiotics: What you need to know What is an antibiotic? – A substance produced by a living organism that destroys or inhibits growth of microorganisms How do they work? – Many ways: e.g. Penicillin can prevent bacteria from making cell walls – inhibits synthesis and assembly of cross-linkages in bacterial cell wall. How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics? – Mutations! – In penicillin-resistant bacteria, a new mutation arose causing the bacteria to produce an enzyme that can break down penicillin – NOTE: ANTIBIOTICS DO NOT CAUSE MUTATIONS TO ARISE! They arise randomly

8. Antibiotics: What you need to know The presence of antibiotics creates a selection pressure for bacteria In a normal population of bacteria, penicillin-resistance would not be an advantage However, in the presence of penicillin, these bacteria have an advantage – they will survive and pass on the resistance gene – Only bacteria with the resistance gene survive – they reproduce and pass on the characteristic, increasing the numbers of resistant bacteria Resistance can be passed vertically (from one generation to the next) or horizontally (via conjugation and exchange of plasmids) The more we use antibiotics, the greater the chance that mutated bacteria will survive and pass on antibiotic resistance

9. Antibiotic links http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/Antibioti cs_Attack/frameset.html http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/Antibioti cs_Attack/frameset.html – Click on penicillin on side menu and start form there