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Intro to Ecology Chapter 18. Cellular Organization.

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Presentation on theme: "Intro to Ecology Chapter 18. Cellular Organization."— Presentation transcript:

1 Intro to Ecology Chapter 18

2 Cellular Organization

3 Levels of Ecological Organization

4 Levels Smallest to largest  Cells  Tissues  Organs  Organ Systems  Organism  Population  Community  Ecosystem  Biosphere

5 Interdependence  Species interact with both other species and their nonliving environment

6 Levels of organization  Population- Includes members of a single species that live in one place at one time.  Community- All the interacting organisms living in an area. Example: Fish, Turtles, plants, algae living in a pond together.

7 Ecosystem  Ecosystem- includes all of the organisms and the nonliving aspects found in a particular place.  Example: Fish, Turtle, plants, water, sunlight.

8 The Biosphere  The broadest, most inclusive level of organization is the biosphere, the volume of Earth and its atmosphere that supports life.

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10 Biotic vs. Abiotic Factors  Biotic - All living things that affect an organism. (living components of the environment)  Abiotic - Nonliving factors.(physical and chemical characteristics of environment)  Examples are climate, water, sunlight, and pH.

11 BIOTIC OR ABIOTIC?? QUIZ:  Tree? Oxygen?  Cotton Shirt? Rain?  Rabbit? Grass?  Dead squirrel? Clouds?  Owl Pellets? Bones?  Steak? Leather?

12 Organisms in a changing environment  Acclimation  Some organisms can adjust their tolerance to abiotic factors through the process of acclimation

13 Organisms in a changing environment cont…  Conformers are organisms that do not regulate their internal conditions; they change as their external environment changes.  Regulators use energy to control some of their internal conditions. (homeostasis)

14 Organisms in a changing environment cont…  Escape from Unsuitable Conditions  Some species survive unfavorable environmental conditions by becoming dormant or by migrating.

15 Dormant Grass Birds migrating

16 Niche  An organism’s niche is its way of life or its role in its ecosystem.  Generalist- broad niches (oppossum)  Specialist - narrow niches. (koala)

17 Niche

18 Producers  Most producers are photosynthetic and make carbohydrates by using energy from the sun.  Autotrophs  Example: trees, plants, algae

19 Producers Cont…  Gross primary productivity the rate producers in an ecosystem capture the energy of sunlight by producing organic compounds.  The rate biomass accumulates is called net primary productivity.

20 Consumers  Consumers obtain energy by eating other organisms and include herbivores, omnivores, carnivores, detritivores, and decomposers.  Consumers are heterotrophs

21 Types of Consumers  Herbivore- eats only producers (eats plants)  Carnivore- eats only consumers (eats animals)  Omnivore- eats both producers and consumers (eats animals and plants)  Detritivores- eats dead or decomposing material

22 Energy Flow  Food Chains and Food Webs  A single pathway of energy transfer is a food chain.  A network showing all paths of energy transfer is a food web

23 Food Chain

24 Food Web

25  Energy Transfer  Ecosystems contain only a few trophic levels because there is a low rate of energy transfer between each level

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27 Energy Transfer  On average 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next.  The lower the tropic level the higher percent of energy available.

28 Energy Transfer  Organisms at the lower levels are usually much more abundant than higher levels.  (1000 Zebras/ 1 Lion)

29 Water Cycle  Key processes in the water cycle are evaporation, condensation, and precipitation.  Transpiration- the process of water evaporating from leaves of plants.

30 Water Cycle

31 Carbon Cycle  Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are the two main steps in the carbon cycle.  Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

32 Carbon Cycle

33 Nitrogen Cycle  Nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in soil and plant roots.  This bacteria is important in the nitrogen cycle because they change nitrogen gas into a usable form of nitrogen for plants.  The process of converting nitrogen gas to nitrate is called nitrogen fixation.

34 Recycling Nitrogen  Decomposers break down bodies of dead organisms and urine to release the nitrogen they contain as ammonia, this process is known as ammonification.  The soil bacteria take the ammonia and then oxidize it into nitrates, this process is known as Nitrification.  Denitrifying bacteria then break down the nitrates and release the nitrogen to the atmosphere, this process in known at denitrification.

35 Nitrogen Cycle

36 Phosphorous Cycle  In the phosphorus cycle, phosphorus moves from phosphate deposited in rock, to the soil, plants absorb it through their roots, then passes to other living organisms, and finally to the ocean.


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