1. Liquids and Solids (cont’d)

2. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–2 Electrical Properties Metallic Conductors, e.g. Cu, Ag... Semiconductors, e.g. Si, GaAs Superconductors, e.g. Nb 3 Sn, YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 Electrolytes, e.g. LiI in pacemaker batteries Piezoelectrics, e.g. a Quartz (SiO 2 ) in watches

3. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–3 Figure 16.23: The molecular orbital energy levels produced when various numbers of atomic orbitals interact.

4. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–4 Figure 16.24: A representation of the energy levels (bands) in a magnesium crystal

5. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–5

6. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–6 Figure 16.27: Partial representation of the MO energies in (a) diamond and (b) a typical metal

7. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–7

8. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–8

9. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–9 Figure 16.32: A silicon crystal doped with arsenic, which has one extra valence electron.

10. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–10 Figure 16.33: Energy-level diagrams for (a) an n-type semiconductor and (b) a p-type semiconductor.

11. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–11 A schematic of two circuits connected by a transistor.

12. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–12 (a)-(h) The steps for forming a transistor in a crystal of initially pure silicon.

13. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–13 (a)-(h) The steps for forming a transistor in a crystal of initially pure silicon. (cont’d)

14. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–14 Figure 16.34: The p-n junction involves the contact of a p-type and an n-type semiconductor.

15. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–15

16. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–16

17. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–17 A new IBM microchip featuring silicon on a "blanket" of insulating material to protect it from temperature changes. Source: IBM Corporation

18. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–18 Kelvins Highest known superconducting temperatures

19. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–19 YBa2Cu3O7 Tc = 93 K

20. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–20 A magnet is levitated over a superconducting ceramic immersed in liquid nitrogen. Source: Phototake

21. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–21 Electron Phonon Interaction

22. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–22 Ba, Y, Ba

23. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–23 Titanium, calcium, oxygen

24. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–24 Barium, Oxygen, Copper, Yttrium

25. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–25 TI, O, Ca, Ba, Cu

26. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–26

27. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–27 Figure 16.30: Examples of silicate anions, all of which are based on SiO 4 4- tetrahedra

28. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–28 Layered Structure Si 4 O 11 6-

29. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–29

30. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–30

31. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–31 Figure 16.31: Two-dimensional reprentations of (a) a quartz crystal and (b) a quartz glass.

32. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–32

33. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–33 Figure 16.29: The structure of quartz

34. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–34 Silica Glass

35. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–35

36. Single cellular organisms with complex shell structures from inorganic materials[

37. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–37 Golf clubs with a titanium shell and metallic glass inserts. Source: Liquid Metal Golf

38. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–38

39. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–39 Figure 16.35: Sulfur crystals (yellow) contain S 8 molecules. (right) White phosphorous contains P 4 molecules. It is so reactive with the oxygen in air that it must be stored under water.

40. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16c–40