1. DNA and the CENTRAL DOGMA
Everything you never wanted to know, but still need to understand… and then some more bonus stuff to really make you happy

2. Transformation of Bacteria
a) Mouse dies
b) Mouse lives
c) Mouse lives
d) Mouse dies. Living S cells are found in blood sample from dead mouse
1928 Fredrick Griffith

3. Phages are viruses that infect bacteria (bacteriophage)

4. 3. Centrifuge and measure radioactivity
1. Mix phages with bacteria
2. Blend to mix

5. What makes up DNA subunits?
5-carbon sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogenous base

7. A and G are Purines (double rings)
C and T are pyrimidines (single rings)
“Attorney Generals are pure”

8. DNA REPLICATION
DNA polymerase attaches nucleotides to each template strand
2 complimentary strands. A=T C≡G
Helicase breaks H bonds and unzips
Each “daughter” DNA consists of one parental and one new strand

9. Conservative – parental helix remains intact; an all new copy is made
SemiConservative – two strands separate and each functions as a template
Dispersive – each strand contains pieces of old and new DNA

10. Meselson-Stahl Experiment
1st replication ~20 min
2nd replication ~40 min
“new” DNA synthesized would be lighter than the “old” DNA
Incorporates heavy nitrogen into DNA
Incorporates lighter nitrogen into DNA

11. EUKARYOTES: many origins of replication

12. Incorporation of nucleotide
Enzyme DNA polymerase catalyzes this reaction

13. 5’3’ direction of one strand runs counter to the other

14. DNA Helicase – unzips
Topoisomerase – unwind DNA
SSBP – single strand binding proteins, hold strands open
Primase – joins RNA nucleotides to eukaryotes (primer is required for polymerase to synthesize)
DNA Polymerase – adds nucleotides
Ligase – link Okazaki fragments

17. New DNA

18. Excision repair of DNA

22. FROM GENE TO PROTEIN Beadle and Tatum – one gene, one polypeptide