1. DNA and Protein Synthesis

2. What is DNA? Contains the genetic information for making all the proteins in the cell

3. In the Beginning….. The world of science debated on what the genetic material was Some thought it was protein Others believed it was DNA

4. Evidence for a Genetic “Factor” 1928 – Frederick Griffith’s “Transforming Factor” Experiment Conclusion: “Something” from Heat-treated Strain 1 “transformed” Strain 2 to become deadly

5. DNA is Proven to be that Genetic Factor 1944 – Oswald Avery and colleagues focused on two of the genetic factor candidates: protein and DNA Repeated Griffith’s experiment, but with a modification   Proteases DNases   Mouse dies Mouse lives Conclusion – DNA is the transforming, thus genetic material

6. Avery Questioned In the Scientific Community

7. Final Proof that DNA is the Genetic Material 1952 – Hershey-Chase Experiment Virus = DNA (inside) + protein (outside) Conclusion: DNA was the genetic material due to viruses passing on DNA for reproduction

8. The DNA “Twist” DNA is a double helix Every 10 nucleotides there is a 360 degree rotation The structure of DNA is accredited to James Watson, Francis Crick and Rosalind Franklin

9. Frame of Reference Where is the DNA located in eukaryotes? Prokaryotes?

10. The Structure of DNA DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid DNA is a polymer built up from monomers Monomers are called nucleotides

11. The Structure of DNA Continued Phosphate Group – provides the “backbone” of DNA  5’ end (5 prime end) Sugar – called a deoxyribose; also part of the DNA “backbone”  3’ end (3 prime end) Backbone of DNA called the sugar-phosphate backbone

12. Nitrogenous Bases of DNA Nitrogenous bases of DNA – Two Types – Pyrimidines  Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C) – Purines  Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) – Purines are double ringed, pyrimidines are single ringed

13. Pairing of Bases In DNA G hydrogen bonds with C T hydrogen bonds with A C G G T A C A T G C A T A GCCATGTACGTAT

14. Chargaff’s Rule 1950 – Erwin Chargaff discovered : –A approximately equals T –G approximately equals C This is true for all species! In humans –A = 30.9% and T = 29.4% –G = 19.9% and C = 19.8%

15. Let’s Put the Structure Together Notice the following: –5’ and 3’ ends –A:T and G:C –Hydrogen bond numbers –Sugar-phosphate backbone –Two strands are antiparallel