1. COAL

5. Peat (Scotland)

7. Earth During the Carboniferous Period, 350-300 Million yrs ago

8. North America 300 million years ago

9. Ancient Swamps

10. Carboniferous plants

11. Ancient Swamps

12. Ex/ Coal

13. World reserves of coal = ~1 trillion metric tons World use of coal = ~7.7 billion metric tons/year COAL

14. Difference between Reserves and Resources

15. World Coal Consumption = ~8 billion metric tons/yr

16. World Coal Production = 7.7 billion metric tons/yr

17. Coal Exports

18. Coal Imports

20. Changing Cost of Coal: Affected by Natural Gas Availability

21. Coal use dates back 5000 years Used extensively by Romans Major use in England in 1200s; start of underground mining In 1700, 5/6 of coal was mined in England Led to England’s Industrial Revolution

23. Surface Mining is now 2/3 of US production Globally, 60% is still mined underground

37. Surface Mining (New South Wales, Australia)

39. Open Pit Mining

41. Open Pit Mining in India

42. Strip Mining

43. Strip Mine Reclamation (N Dakota): active mining is lower right, reclamation is upper left.

44. Mountain Top Removal

47. A critical

50. Augur Mining

51. Modern Underground Mining

55. Coal Plant, Germany Coal plants are about 35% thermodynamically efficient, at best. Older “grandfathered” plants can be much less.

56. Coal Washing – removes soil and rock

59. Removing Soot

60. Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle

61. Turning coal into coke: Coke is the solid carbonaceous material derived from destructive distillation of low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal. Coke is used as a fuel and as a reducing agent in smelting iron ore in a blast furnace. It is there to reduce the iron oxide (hematite) in order to collect iron.

63. Existing power generation could capture >95% of carbon in coal using CCS (CO2 Capture and Storage), also known as Geologic Carbon Sequestration. The added cost is about 2-4 cents per kilowatt-hour (~30%)