1. Evolution = changes in the morphology or behavior of species over time Macroevolution = irreversible large scale changes (e.g. speciation and extinction) that occur over thousands of generations Microevolution = reversible small scale changes within populations 1

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3. 1700 1800 1900 2000 1600 3

4. 1700 1800 1900 2000 1600 Theatrum Insectorum (1634) 1 st British insect book to include moths 4

5. 1700 1800 1900 2000 1600 1766 First careful description of Biston betularia 5

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7. 1700 1800 1900 2000 1600 1840 Distribution Map 7

8. 1848 - Manchester, UK 1700 1800 1900 2000 1600 8 London Manchester

9. 1700 1800 1900 2000 1600 (1858-1911) 9

10. By 1860 1700 1800 1900 2000 1600 10

11. By 1870 1700 1800 1900 2000 1600 11

12. By 1880 1700 1800 1900 2000 1600 12

13. By 1890 1700 1800 1900 2000 1600 13

14. By 1900 1700 1800 1900 2000 1600 14

15. By 1910 1700 1800 1900 2000 1600 15

16. By 1920 1700 1800 1900 2000 1600 16

17. By 1930 1700 1800 1900 2000 1600 17

18. By 1940 1700 1800 1900 2000 1600 18

19. By 1950 1700 1800 1900 2000 1600 19

20. Frequency map of Biston betularia 20 London Manchester Glasgow

21. 1820 1852 21

22. 1843 1950s 22

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