1. Africa Post-Imperialism

2. Nationalism and Independence Roots: Early 1900’s Goal: Independence Plan: To create a sense of unity amongst the diverse groups placed in the artificial borders of Europeans Ghana Ashante Fante Ewe Dagomba Tallensi

3. Pan-Africanism Early 1900’s Calls for unifying all of Africa Supported by prominent African Americans W.E.B. Dubois Marcus Garvey Slogan: “Africa for the Africans”

4. The Negritude Movement 1930’s Leader: Leopold Sedar Senghor Poet from Senegal Argues against negative view of Africans Strengthens Pan- Africanism Educated in Europe Sees strengths and Weaknesses of Europeans President of Senegal for 20 years (1960-1980)

5. Independence Movements 1950’s-1960’s Colonial Powers weakened by WWII Soviets and US pushing for end to Imperial rule Leaves Africa ripe for birth of new Nations Only 4 independent at the time Liberia Ethiopia Egypt South Africa (right)

6. Ghana Former gold coast Largely peaceful protest Strikes and boycotts to protest British rule Led by Kwame Nkrumah First black African nation Independence in 1957

7. North Africa Libya, Morocco, Tunisia Gain independence in 1950’s Largely Peaceful Algeria Gain independence in 1962 French will not let go 8 year war ensues beginning in 1954

8. Kenya Gain independence in 1964 Starts with demands of political and economic reform by Jomo Kenyatta Imprisoned Becomes 1st president Mau Mau resistance movements begin when white settlers refuse giving rights to blacks

9. Southern Africa Mozambique and Angola Gain independence in 1975 Staged guerilla wars against the Portuguese

10. Africa and the Dates of Independence

11. Effects of Colonial Rule Negatives Replaced or weakened leaders Disrupted traditional economy Artificial borders Small nations (population) Positives Infrastructure Education Agricultural advances

12. Africa’s Steps Towards Development The Challenges of Government Artificial borders lead to conflicts (Civil Wars) Solutions: One party rule Plays on idea of consensus Military rule Better to improve way of life then be democratic Movement now towards democratic government in many African nations since late 1980’s

13. Choosing an Economic System Typically one of two Socialism Government control can lead to slow transition and puts nation at mercy of world market for exports Mixed Economy Leads to investment from multinational corporations Often seen as replacements to colonial powers

14. Economic Choices and Challenges Developing Agriculture Problems Cash Crops vs. Subsistnace Low prices good for city workers bad for small farmers Leads to swelling city populations Economic independence difficult Competition in diversifying markets Imports expensive

15. Population Boom Currently 800 million Slowed by AIDS Should still double by 2050 Nearly half under 15 Makes planning difficult for leaders

16. Regional Cooperation Since 1950’s United Africa called for by some leaders Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana 1963-Organization of African Unity (OAU) formed Support independence movements and promote peace Difficult to help countries in Civil War 2002- form new Group African Union Hope to attract foreign investment Promote good government and human rights

17. Other Regional Groups South African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) End reliance on South Africa Economic community of West African States (ECWAS) Ended customs duties and supported joint transportation and energy projects

18. International Ties All belong to UN International focus Environment Education Agricultural Development OPEC Algeria, Libya, Nigeria Commonwealth Former British colonies Links to currency of colonizers Former French Colonies

19. Cold War Most African nations take a policy of nonalignment Many Need Aid Soviets provide to Socialist nations US supports those friendly to their interests Backed Rival groups in Civil Wars in Ethiopia and Somalia Hope to gain control to set up naval bases in Red Sea

20. Major Challenges in African Nations Debt AIDS Limiting Family Size Food Production Disease Internal Conflicts