1. Fluid Mechanics Credit Hours 4(3+1)

2. Books Recommended
McCabe Warren L., Smith Julian C., Harriott peter “Unit Operations of chemical Engineering” 6th Ed McGraw Hill Inc.
Coulson J.M., Richardson J.F. “Chemical Engineering” Vol-I, The English Book Society and Pergamon Press.
Holland, F.A. & Bragg, R. “Fluid flow for Chemical Engineers”, 2nd Edition,
Butterworth & Heinemann
White, F.M. “Fluid Mechanics”, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill
Noel-de-Nevers “Fluid Mechanics for Chemical Engineers” McGraw Hill

3. Human Body (Blood circulation in veins/ capillaries, Heart as pump)
Why We Study Fluid Mechanics?
Human Body (Blood circulation in veins/ capillaries, Heart as pump)
Municipal Water Supply (Pumping stations & distribution)
Natural Gas Transmission (Compression & distribution)
Oil Supply Karachi to Mehmood Kot ;Parco (Pumping stations/ pipelines) Petrol Pumps etc.
Application in every INDUSTRY.

4. What We Will Study
Concept & Use of Units, Dimensional Analysis: Bukingham –Pi Theorem, Reynold’s law of Similarity.
Fluid Statics: pressure forces on surfaces, Pressure distribution, Head Calculations, pressure measuring devices, Buoyancy,. Pressure in accelerated rigid body motions.
Nature of Flow: Laminar & Turbulent Flow, Compressible & Non-Compressible.
Bernoulli’s equation and its applications; Continuity Equation, Energy Relationships & the Bernoulli equation, pressure terminology, diffusers and sudden expansion.
Momentum of a Flowing Fluid; Newton’s 2nd law of motion & Momentum Balance, Calculations for Laminar& Turbulent pipe flow, nozzle flow & other examples. Stress in Fluids; Viscosity, Newton’s Law of Viscosity, Shear Stress Components, Newtonian and non-Newtonian flow.

5. Turbulence & Boundary Layers; Concept of Eddies as a source to sustain Turbulence, Velocity Fluctuations & Reynolds Stresses, Transport Properties and Prantl’s Power Law Velocity Profile, Laminar & Turbulent Boundary Layers over a flat plate
Flow of Incompressible Newtonian Fluids in Pipes & Channels
Shear stress in a pipe, Friction factor & pressure drop, Losses in fittings and bend pipes, enlargements and contractions, friction in non-circular channels, Velocity distribution for turbulent flow in a pipe.
Flow of Compressible Newtonian Fluids
The Mach Number, Equation of State, Adiabatic and Isentropic Steady Flow, Isentropic Flow with Area Changes, One dimensional high velocity gas flows, Choking flow, Shock waves, nozzles and diffusers .
Gas-Liquid Two-phase Flow

6. Flow patterns and flow regime maps, Momentum equation for two-phase flow, two-phase flow parameters, Bubbly flow, Slug flow in vertical tubes, The homogenous model for two-phase flow, Separated flow models, Drift-flux Calculations.
Fluid Motion in the Presence of Solid Particles
Relative motion between a fluid and a single particle, Effect of presence of other particles and wall on the particle velocity, Flow through packed beds, Fluidization, Slurry transport and Filtration.
Flow of Non-Newtonian Fluids
Elementary viscometry, Rabinowtisch -Mooney Equation, Calculation of flow rate-pressure drop relationship for laminar flow, Generalized Reynolds number for flow in pipes, Turbulent flow of inelastic non-Newtonian fluids in pipes, Power Law Fluids, Pressure drop for Bingham plastics in laminar flow, Viscoelasticity.

7. Density
Mass per unit volume: kg/m3, lbm/ft3, gm/cm3
Specific Volume
Inverse of density: m3/kg, ft3/lbm, cm3/gm
Viscosity
Internal resistance to flow of fluid: gm/cm.sec, lbm/hr.ft
Shear Stress
Shear stress is defined as the ratio of force parallel to flow to the area of layer.

9. Fluid
A fluid is defined as substance that doesn't resist permanent distortion. An attempt to change a shape of a mass of fluid results in layers of fluids sliding over one another until a new shape is attained- during a change in shape, shear stress exits: the magnitude of which depends upon the viscosity of the fluid and the rate of sliding.
When the final shape has been reached all shear stress will be disappeared. So a fluid in equilibrium is free from shear stress.

10. Fluid Mechanics
The branch of engineering science which deals with the behavior of fluid at rest or in motion is called FLUID MECHANICS.
It has two sub branches:-
Fluid Statics
Fluid Dynamics
It deals with the fluid equilibrium state of no shear stress means when fluid is at rest.
It deals with the fluid when a portion of fluid is in motion in relation to other parts.
The study of behavior of the fluid is an important engineering process and understanding a fluid is essential not only for the accurate measurement & movement of the fluid through pipes, pumps and all kinds of process equipments but also for the study of heat flow and many separation operations.

11. Types of Fluids
Incompressible Fluids
Compressible Fluids
If the density changes only slightly with significant changes in temperature & pressure the fluid is said to be incompressible.
If the changes in density are significant with change in temperature & pressure those fluids are said to be compressible fluids.
Liquids are generally considered to be incompressible while gases are compressible.

12. Types of Flow Steady State Flow Un-Steady State Flow
Suppose the mass, flow rate, temperature, pressure, composition & density are not changing with time or function of time, or , are constant with time then flow will be termed as steady state flow.
Un- Steady State Flow
If mass, flow rate, temperature, pressure, composition & density are changing with time or function of time then the flow is said to be unsteady state flow.

13. Nature of Flow: Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow Transition Flow
This is type of flow in which no mixing of layers takes place.
No eddies are formed during flow. The value of reynold’s number is upto
Turbulent Flow
This is type of flow in which mixing of layers takes place and eddies are formed during flow. The value of reynold’s number is greater than
Transition Flow
Flow between laminar and turbulent flow is called transition flow. The value of reynold’s number is between
In this type of flow layers try to mix with each other but layers remain mostly separate.