1. Graphics – Day 2

2. Gestalt

3. u early 1990 psychology theory u based on groupings and how people perceive information

4. Importance to design u Visual connections and relationships are very strong in how people understand u Must ensure your design follows good gestalt principles to maximize the communication

5. Figure-ground u Clear contrast of background and the information in front of it u Common violation u Eye works on contrast, not absolutes

6. Figure-ground example

7. Clear closure u People complete the shape of a figure

8. Proximity u Put related items close together and visually connect them.

9. Clear proximity u The image and caption relationships is clear

10. Symmetry u Keep the page balanced u Unbalanced work bothers people u Can violate for effect, but you must evaluate the effect (know you are doing it)

11. Symmetry

12. Type of graphic to use

13. Main types of graphs u Table. For data that must have exact values. People have a hard time getting trend information out of tables. u Bar graph. For discrete data. u Line graph. For continuous data. u Pie graph. For showing percentage that is parts of a whole. The parts must add up to 100% and it must make sense to think about it that way.

14. Tables versus graphs u Tables give exact values. u Graphs show trends u Neither work well when the person needs the other type of value.

15. Tables u Use headings. Make sure the person knows what each column means. u Normal design is to read across. Row is a single unit, not a column. Beware of violating this simply to fit the data on the page.

16. Avoid 3D graphs

17. 2D versus 3D

18. Bar versus line graphs u Bar Discrete data u Line Continuous data u Not interchangeable u Not what looks best to you

19. Avoid overly large simple graphs

20. Use true scales (start at zero)

21. Time scales left to right

22. Use entire graph

23. Have scale make sense 4-7 2-9 4-7 3-8

24. Data with ranges

25. Same info. Different scale. Are they the same?

26. Change of scale width u How are these perceived differently?

27. Putting graphs side by side Sales Revenue in US from 1981-1992 Sales Revenue Outside US from 1981-1992

28. Text and graph support each other u During the past four years the number of pages produced monthly by each writer has increased. In 1991, we produced 40 pages per month, in 1992 the production was 44 pages, in 1993 it was 55 pages, in 1994 it jumped to 58 pages, and in 1995 production was 60 pages per month. Figure 1 shows this change.

29. Text and graph support each other u Figure 1 reveals a steady increase in page production. During the past four years the number of pages produced monthly by each writer has continued to increase at a rate of about 2 pages per year. Growing from 40 pages per month in 1991 to 60 pages per month in 1995. The jump between 1992 and 1993 occurred when we switched to Frame.

30. Prepare a visual u Prepare a graph for an report on packs of cigarettes smoked per capita per year –1993 202 –1994 210 –1995 214 –1996 204 –1997 197 –1998 201

31. What type of graph to use? u Yearly membership in an organization u Department budget u Output change based on voltage change u Number of errors vs. score in a video game u Points scored each year by a soccer team u Points scored each game by a soccer team u Speed of the ball vs. force of the kick

32. End