1. Foundations of American Education: Perspectives on Education in a Changing World, 15e © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 11 Standards, Assessment, Accountability

2. Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 11-2 Struggle over standards Education standards affect teaching and learning process Education standards affect teaching and learning process Teachers, determine how to ensure standards are met Teachers, determine how to ensure standards are met Student learning centralized in standards-based education Student learning centralized in standards-based education Statements describing what students should know and do Statements describing what students should know and do Business leaders, policymakers, parents have divergent ideas Business leaders, policymakers, parents have divergent ideas Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al 11-2

3. Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 11-3 Purpose of Standards National standards for global competiveness National standards for global competiveness Real-world standards, work and function in society Real-world standards, work and function in society Opportunity-to-Learn standards, adequate resources, etc. Opportunity-to-Learn standards, adequate resources, etc. Content standards, what students should know and do Content standards, what students should know and do Standards for 21 st Century Skills Standards for 21 st Century Skills Today, all states have content standards of some variety Today, all states have content standards of some variety 11-3 Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

4. Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 11-4 21 st Century Skills Global Awareness Global Awareness Financial, economic, business, entrepreneurial literacy Financial, economic, business, entrepreneurial literacy Civic Literacy Civic Literacy Health Literacy Health Literacy Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al 11-4

5. Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 11-5 Federal Role in Standards Meeting of Governors, Charlottesville, Virginia (1989) Meeting of Governors, Charlottesville, Virginia (1989) Goals 2000: Educate America Act (1994) Goals 2000: Educate America Act (1994) NCLB, reauthorization of the ESEA NCLB, reauthorization of the ESEA NCLB requires establishing standards, NCLB requires establishing standards, All students expected to meet proficiency, AYP All students expected to meet proficiency, AYP Schools receive ranking including, needing improvement Schools receive ranking including, needing improvement Schools required to test students annually Schools required to test students annually Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al 11-5

6. Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 11-6 Future of standards Standards drive education today Standards drive education today Several unresolved questions about standards including: Several unresolved questions about standards including: How will school organization, use of time, graduation requirements, power and relationships change? How will school organization, use of time, graduation requirements, power and relationships change? Can standards be covered and still maintain commitment toward thematic, interdisciplinary instruction? Can standards be covered and still maintain commitment toward thematic, interdisciplinary instruction? 11-6 Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

7. Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 11-7 Assessments Assessment, gathering, interpreting information, feedback Assessment, gathering, interpreting information, feedback Assessments design to help students learn Assessments design to help students learn Formative, determine what students learn, plan next steps Formative, determine what students learn, plan next steps Summative, make final judgments about standards Summative, make final judgments about standards Assessment of learning, assessment for learning Assessment of learning, assessment for learning Diagnostic assessments, developmental comparison Diagnostic assessments, developmental comparison 11-7 Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

8. Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 11-8 Types of Assessments Norm-referenced, comparison to a norm group Norm-referenced, comparison to a norm group Criterion-referenced, criteria for accomplishment Criterion-referenced, criteria for accomplishment Summative or capstone, demonstrates overall mastery Summative or capstone, demonstrates overall mastery Performance, demonstrate specific proficiency Performance, demonstrate specific proficiency Competency, closely related to real event Competency, closely related to real event Authentic, tasks based on relevant problems, contexts Authentic, tasks based on relevant problems, contexts Rubrics, scoring guide, analytic or holistic Rubrics, scoring guide, analytic or holistic 11-8 Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

9. Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 11-9 Authentic Assessment Considerations Consider learning standards, benchmarks, and objectives Consider learning standards, benchmarks, and objectives Make sure tasks are complex, motivating, rich, relevant Make sure tasks are complex, motivating, rich, relevant Ask multiple varieties of questions Ask multiple varieties of questions Identify indicators, things that can be observed Identify indicators, things that can be observed 11-9 Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

10. Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 11-10 Principles for High-Quality Assessments Base Assessment on learning standards Base Assessment on learning standards Represent performances of understanding authentically Represent performances of understanding authentically Embed assessments in curriculum and instruction Embed assessments in curriculum and instruction Provide multiple forms of evidence about student learning Provide multiple forms of evidence about student learning Evaluate standards without unnecessary standardization Evaluate standards without unnecessary standardization Involve local educators in designing and scoring assessments Involve local educators in designing and scoring assessments 11-10 Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

11. Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 11-11 Assessment Accommodations Allow access without changing test construct Allow access without changing test construct Determine accommodation based on: Determine accommodation based on: Student’s disability Student’s disability Age Age Nature of the assessment Nature of the assessment Skill and subject being taught Skill and subject being taught 11-11 Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

12. Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 11-12 Assessments and Fairness Standardized test ignore lived experiences of students Standardized test ignore lived experiences of students Often bias low-income students Often bias low-income students Validity, whether item measures intended objective Validity, whether item measures intended objective Reliability, consistency of information about learning Reliability, consistency of information about learning Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al 11-12

13. Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 11-13 Accountability Stakeholders holding schools accountable Stakeholders holding schools accountable Student assessments provide information Student assessments provide information Schools must use multiple assessments Schools must use multiple assessments Conflicting concerns over national test, curriculum Conflicting concerns over national test, curriculum Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al 11-13

14. Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 11-14 Technology & Student Learning Technology allows for tracking student assessments Technology allows for tracking student assessments Allows teachers to make decisions on future lessons Allows teachers to make decisions on future lessons NWEA, PLATO, Tugston, data-management systems NWEA, PLATO, Tugston, data-management systems Value-added model compares growth, account for characteristics such as poverty Value-added model compares growth, account for characteristics such as poverty Growth model, relies on multiple measures of performance Growth model, relies on multiple measures of performance Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al 11-14

15. Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 11-15 Testing Challenges Standards have overall positive effect on education Standards have overall positive effect on education Standards movement has unintended challenges including: Standards movement has unintended challenges including: High Stakes element problematic for schools, students High Stakes element problematic for schools, students Teachers and principals pressured to cheat Teachers and principals pressured to cheat Teaching to the test Teaching to the test Assumption that same test appropriate for all students Assumption that same test appropriate for all students Increased teacher burden Increased teacher burden Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al 11-15