1. E7 Intro - E071 Project Organised Problem Based Learning (POPBL) 5: Communication and group dynamics + P0-experience exchange Master of Science – Introductory Semester (E7) Lecturer: Lars Peter Jensen

2. E7 Intro - E072 Agenda Communication Oral presentation P0 experience exchange

3. E7 Intro - E073 Communication - a definition - from ancient Latin: communis - ”common” - sharing, making commonly known Merriam-Webster: ( www.m-w.com ) a: to convey knowledge of or information about : make known b: to reveal by clear signs c: to transmit information, thought, or feeling so that it is satisfactorily received or understood

4. E7 Intro - E074 Ways of communication One-on-oneFew-on-fewOne-on-many Participants CharacteristicTwo-way’Multi-way’One-way OralDiscussionGroup discussionPresentation WrittenLetters, e-mailWorking papers Notes for a course

5. E7 Intro - E075 Dialog versus diskussion Two means of human communication: Dialogue and Discussion Dialogue is an expansive process - your knowledge is increased. How is the ’mind map of the world’ for the others?? Discussion is a narrowing process - you agree on a collective ’mind map of the world’

6. E7 Intro - E076 Dialogue The objective is to understand what others understand – understand their ’mind map of the world’ The means are: listening – passively and actively. The characteristics are: to be curios; open minded; eager to learn. Cultural sensitivity requires dialogue !!

7. E7 Intro - E077 Discussion The objective is to agree upon a decision – a common ’mind map of the world’ The means are: shift between listening, reflecting, developing ideas and speaking The characteristics are: holistic judgements (see it as a whole) and reasonable decisions

8. E7 Intro - E078 Positive communication How to achieve positive communication to support learning?

9. E7 Intro - E079 Aktiv lytning Positive dialogue Active Listening CodingDecoding

10. E7 Intro - E0710 Active Listening Builds on the ability to: ’Mirror’, (repeat with your own words) what the other person says Communicate on the other person’s premises Show understanding and respect for the other persons opinion Interpret – not judge or condemn.

11. E7 Intro - E0711 Passive Listening Builds on the ability to: Be silent Express acknowledgement Invite others to go into details using encouraging words: ”Yes”,”No”,”I see”,”Hmmm” and openers: ”Tell more”, ”How would you” etc.

12. E7 Intro - E0712 Body language of a listener Has eye contact Has an open posture Is leaning slightly forward Nods at intervals Is conscious of own and receiver’s body language A listening person:

13. E7 Intro - E0713 Positive discussion Contributions furthering discussion Make proposals Search for information via questions Give information Summing up the discussion Elaborate and further develop ideas Test own and others’ understanding of the topic under discussion

14. E7 Intro - E0714 Positive discussion Contributions improving ’climate’ Praise and encourage others Support others in being listened to Follow and support ideas of others Openly express change of opinion Show openness Listen actively

15. E7 Intro - E0715 Negative discussion Contributions blocking discussion Disagree without constructive alternatives Attack proposals of others Defend own proposals aggressively Speaking all the time without listening Talk about other subjects

16. E7 Intro - E0716 Positive communication When you have to make a decision… 4 phases involved: 1.Making suggestions – ’drawing different maps’. 2.Elaborating, explaining – ’understanding the maps’. 3.Developing further, comprehensive assessment – ’heading for a better map’. 4.Deciding – ’drawing the (best) collective map’ Phase 1 – 2 is the dialogue. Phase 3 – 4 is the discussion.

17. E7 Intro - E0717 Positive communication Reflexive writing and ‘marking rounds’ Can be used before, during and after a decision- making process: Five minutes ’time-out’, where All speaking in the group is forbidden and Each student spontaneously writes down his or her thoughts about the form of the discussion and the issues discussed at the moment After 5 minutes take a ‘marking round’ where everyone explains their thoughts

18. E7 Intro - E0718 Positive communication Reflexive writing and ‘marking rounds’..are good tools in team work because they: Give those who have ’dropped out’ of the discussion a possibility to come back in. Give everybody a possibility to put forward their views and opinions. Make the communication process open and visible because of the writing. GOOD ADVICE: Let the less speaking student start!!

19. E7 Intro - E0719 Positive communication Constructive feedback Feedback must: Describe behaviour – not interpret motives Express your own feelings directly – not indirectly Be specific – not general Only address issues which can be changed Make room for change Be non-judgmental Only be given when asked for/agreed upon – not uninvited Be motivated by a wish to help others – not to hurt

20. E7 Intro - E0720 Positive communication A good advice to remember !! Be towards others as you wish them to be towards you!!

21. E7 Intro - E0721 Oral presentation Watching the video

22. E7 Intro - E0722 Group discussion To make a ’do’ list for making oral presentation To make a ’donot’ list for making oral presentation

23. E7 Intro - E0723 Break for 10 minutes Deadline is deadline !

24. E7 Intro - E0724 The short presentation plan 1.Tell them what you are going to tell them! 2.Tell them! 3.Tell them what you have told them!

25. E7 Intro - E0725 The longer presentation plan- 1 Questions to ask: Who is to know?Receiver, code, power What is my point?Message Why do I want to tell?Motivation How much do I know?Competence How should I tell it?Focus, media Where/when to tell?Situation How do I behave?Attitude

26. E7 Intro - E0726 Things to think about: Content - message, structure Appearance - confident, open, lively (eye-contact, hands) Articulation - clear, fluent, correct terminology (write) AV-aids - blackboard, OHP, PowerPoint, posters, film Time-management - organise, message Group collaboration - organise, message Plan - rehearse - evaluate – review – rehearse etc. The longer presentation plan- 2

27. E7 Intro - E0727 Oral presentations - body language Elements in body language eyes facial mimic gesture posture position dressing

28. E7 Intro - E0728 Body language Be aware of your body language – often there is a contradiction between what you say and what your body tells Some examples which may well be culturally biased??

29. E7 Intro - E0729 Superior and self- confident; don’t turn your back to the audience Signals defence and insecurity despite the smile Confident, committed and confidence-inspiring

30. E7 Intro - E0730 Defensive and keeping his distance A little nervous; holding a pencil or a pointing device will look more natural Aggressive, determined

31. E7 Intro - E0731 Open and honestInsecure, holding his own hand Cautious and a little insecure

32. E7 Intro - E0732 Nervousness....... Everyone is nervous, insecure and/or exited - the only thing that helps is practice. Prepare Rehearse In front of friends In front of mirror Write introduction + conclusion

33. E7 Intro - E0733 Lecture: On reflection and learning 1.WHAT is reflection? 2.WHY use reflection? 3.HOW to reflect? 4.Introduction to cross-group work

34. E7 Intro - E0734 WHAT is reflection? Examples of reflection: A student is reflecting when: She notices that important information is missing in a text, thinks about possible reasons for leaving out the info and looks up the info in other places. She realises that the given math exercise is different from the standard exercises in the book, identifies the difference and knows what to do differently. He looks back at an overruled time plan, identifies the time-consuming activities and makes allowances for these kinds of activities in the next time schedule.

35. E7 Intro - E0735 WHAT is reflection? Oxford English Dictionary The action, on the part of surfaces, of throwing back light or heat (rays, beams, etc.) falling upon them; But also The action of turning (back) or fixing the thoughts on some subject; meditation, deep or serious consideration. From the examples: Notice Think about Look back at Identify Plan based on experience

36. E7 Intro - E0736 WHY use reflection? Engineers of today need methodological competencies, such as: Flexibility and capacity for change. Such competencies are closely connected with ’lifelong learning’ which can be achieved through awareness about learning processes. Awareness about learning processes can be achieved through reflection upon learning processes.

37. E7 Intro - E0737 HOW to reflect? Make conscious observations by asking questions: WHAT went well in P0? … and WHY did it go well? WHAT went wrong in P0? and WHY did it go wrong? The reflection is embedded in the WHY? questions Reflection as a tool for development and improvement of methodological competencies can be used in connection with learning processes within all areas of engineering but in the POPBL course we focus upon learning processes in the area of project organised group work.

38. E7 Intro - E0738 Introduction to cross-group work 1.Start out with a round of presentation, giving name, P0-project topic and supervisor 2.Do a series of rounds describing how your project group organised the following: Project management, team work, co-operation with your supervisor. 3.Do a series of rounds of analysing and assessing your project process, taking your point of departure in the questions: WHAT went well in P0? … and WHY did it go well? WHAT went wrong in P0? and WHY did it go wrong?

39. E7 Intro - E0739 Introduction to cross-group work (cont.) 4. From the answers to the above questions generalise in the following format: What we will continue to do in P1 What we will do differently and better in P1 5.Give ’Good advice’ to yourself and your fellow students (and possibly also to your supervisors) aimed at improving the project work process in P1 6.Write down the ’Good advice’ on a slide (e.g. Power Point) and prepare a short presentation in room B2-109.

40. E7 Intro - E0740 …and now the cross-group work! At 3 p.m. the presentation starts – please select one member from each cross group to present your slides.

41. E7 Intro - E0741 Deadlines for personal portfolio A first version of the personal portfolio should be sent to Lars Peter Jensen: lpj@es.aau.dk not later than november second (2/11-2007)lpj@es.aau.dk The final version of the personal portfolio should be sent to Lars Peter Jensen: lpj@es.aau.dk not later than december 13th (13/12-2007) lpj@es.aau.dk