1. Unit 1- Critical Thinking Critical Thinking –Argument Three Characteristics of Argument Crtitical Thinking Skills for Identifying Fallacies –Ad Hominem Argument –Slippery Slope Argument –Fallacy of Appeal to Authority –False Cause Falacy –Begging the Question –Fallacy of Composition Kaizen 2006 - 2007 MIDTERM

2. Objectives Determine concepts and strategies in critical thinking. Identify critical thinking skills for identifying fallacies. Demonstrate ability in critical thinking through case studies Critical Thinking Kaizen 2006 - 2007

3. CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS & LOGICAL ARGUMENTS: Tools for Evaluating Cyberethics Issues Kaizen 2006 - 2007 Critical Thinking

4. CRITICAL THINKING Refer to range of analytical skills Careful deliberate determination of whether we should accept, reject, of suspend judgment about a claim Kaizen 2006 - 2007 Critical Thinking

5. Claims, logical arguments or statements are often used in a form of reasoning called an ARGUMENT Kaizen 2006 - 2007 Critical Thinking

6. Argument Form of reasoning that attempts to establish the truth of one claim(conclusion) based on the assumed truth of the evidence in other claims(premises) provided to support the conclusion. Kaizen 2006 - 2007 Critical Thinking

7. 3 Characteristics of Argument Is a form of reasoning Is comprised of claims Aims at establishing a conclusion based on the evidence Kaizen 2006 - 2007 Critical Thinking

8. Argument Premise 1: x is an authority in field y premise 2 : X said Z Conclusion : Z Kaizen 2006 - 2007 Critical Thinking

9. CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS FOR IDENTIFYING FALLACIES Kaizen 2006 - 2007 Critical Thinking

10. Ad Hominem Argument Attack is directed to the person rather than to the substance of the person’s argument Kaizen 2006 - 2007 Critical Thinking

11. Example: Assuming that A senator has opposed the bill in Congress that supports the construction of a new controversial national missile defense system. Kaizen 2006 - 2007 Critical Thinking

12. Example: How can we take seriously a position regarding the future of national defense proposed by a senator who has been arrested for drunken driving and involved in extramarital affairs? Kaizen 2006 - 2007 Critical Thinking

13. Slippery Slope Argument “the edge of the wedge”, it has a form “x” could possibly be abused therefore we should not allow x. Kaizen 2006 - 2007 Critical Thinking

14. Example: To bundle IE into Microsoft OS – could result to bundling all other available browser and softwares Kaizen 2006 - 2007 Critical Thinking

15. Fallacy of Appeal to Authority Premise 1: x is an authority in field y premise 2 : X said Z Conclusion : Z Kaizen 2006 - 2007 Critical Thinking

16. False Cause Fallacy Reasons for the fact the event X preceded event Y to the conclusion that event X is necessarily the cause of event Y. Kaizen 2006 - 2007 Critical Thinking

17. False Cause Fallacy Shortly after the release of Win98, Netscape’s stock plummeted severely. Hence, there is no doubt that the release of Win98 is responsible for the Netscape’s fortunes in the stock market. Kaizen 2006 - 2007 Critical Thinking

18. Begging the Question An argument commits the fallacy of begging the question when its premise(s) presuppose the truth of the conclusion it is trying to establish; reasoning is circular. Kaizen 2006 - 2007 Critical Thinking

19. Example OOP languages are superior to non-structures PLs because the former type of PLs are structured. Kaizen 2006 - 2007 Critical Thinking

20. Fallacy of Composition Confuses the characteristics that apply to the parts of a whole or the individual members of a group with the characteristics of the whole itself Kaizen 2006 - 2007 Critical Thinking

21. False Cause Fallacy Begging the Question Fallacy of Composition Fallacy of ambiguity Appeal to the People The Many/Any Fallacy Kaizen 2006 - 2007 Critical Thinking

22. Summary Critical Thinking - c areful deliberate determination of whether we should accept, reject, of suspend judgment about a claim Critical Thinking Skills used to identify fallacies –Ad Hominem Argument –Slippery Slope Argument –Fallacy of Appeal to Authority –False Cause Falacy –Begging the Question –Fallacy of Composition Kaizen 2006 - 2007 Critical Thinking

23. Evaluation Group yourselves into five and give some real life examples that needs critical thinking. Present your example using logic and argument, and discuss it with the class. Kaizen 2006 - 2007 Critical Thinking