1. Sensor Based Technologies in Mexico CIMMYT (Dr. Ivan Ortiz-Monasterio ) Oklahoma State University (Yumiko Kanke)

2. Ciudad Obregon, Mexico Since 1995, OSU visit CYMMYT more than 7 times

3. Percentage Nitrogen Recovery in Wheat in the Yaqui Valley (average of 30 fields) Losses Recovery by the plant

4. Beman et al. 2005 Nature 434:211-214

5. Costs of Production Wheat Cycle 2007-2008 Soil preparation$1,01210% Planting$7658% Fertilization$2,89129% Irrigation and Drainage$1,47215% Pest control$2,17422% Harvesting$1,10711% Other$5385% Total$10,082*100% *Does not include interest Source: AOASS 2007

6. Costs of Production Wheat Cycle 2008-2009 Soil preparation$1,47010% Planting$1,46110% Fertilization$5,26437% Irrigation and Drainage$1,79513% Pest control$2,34516% Harvesting$1,3209% Other$7205% Total$14,376*100% *Does not include interests Source: AOASS 2008

7. Main problems associated with Low efficiency are: Rate and Timing What is Optimum Rate? How Do You Decide?

8. Soil residual nitrogen in Farmers’ Fields in the Yaqui Valley Crop cycle 96-98 Farmers’ Fields soil Available soil N 150 Kg N/ ha

9. Sensor Technology GreenSeeker Diagnostic tool that allows you to identify the optimum N rate for each individual farmer’s field

10. Technology Components 1. Establishment of an N rich strip 2. NDVI reading in the N rich strip and farmer’s field 3. Use of a crop algorithm to derive N recommendations

11. 1. Establishment of the N Rich Strip A N Rich Strip (reference strip) per 20 ha Uniformity in soil texture Same previous crop management Same Variety Same planting data Pre-plant Fertilization Farmers Fields ----300 to 400 kg urea N Rich Strip ---- Non limited

12. N Rich Strip 20 has 10 meters Apply pre-plant or at planting

13. 2. NDVI reading in the N rich strip and the farmer’s field Measurement: As close as possible to the first post plant irrigation but 40 days after planting.

14. 3. Use of the Crop Algorithm to derive a N recommendation

15. Training Course Oct, Nov, Jan, 2007

16. Conventional N Management Urea or Anhydrous Ammonia 180 kg N /ha Pre-plant

17. Anhydrous Ammonia 70 kg N /ha First post-plant irrigation 45-55 days after planting Conventional N Rate Total 250 kgN/ha

18. RESULTS 2006-2007

19. Results from the readings and recommendations % FIELDSRECOMMENDATION 66NO NITROGEN APPLICATION 12Apply 10-30 Units of Nitrógen 12Apply 35-50 Units of Nitrogen 4.4Apply 60-70 Units of Nitrogen 2.6Apply 80-100 Units of Nitrogen 3Out of the program **Only farmers that were going to receive a price premium for protein applied 30 units of N with the second post plant irrigation. Potential to Save more Nitrogen

20. N Rich Strip Farmer Management Sensor Management 37 fields Sensor vs Conventional

21. N Rich Strip Sensor Management Sensor Management 49 fields Sensor vs N Rich Strip

24. Wheat and Nitrogen Price Wheat 2,200 peso/ton (about 220 dollars/ton) October 27, 2005 Tepeyac: Urea 4137 pesos/ton : 9.00 pesos/kg (90 cents) NH3 7050 pesos/ton : 8.60 pesos/kg (86 cents)

25. GREENSEEKER SENSOR PROGRAM 2006-2007 EVALUATIONS 86 FIELDS harvested and evaluated 37 FIELDS N management Conventional vs. Sensor 34 FIELDS (92%) average aditional income $57/ha, with the GreenSeeker Sensor 3 FIELDS (8%) in favor of the farmer’s management 49 FIELDS N Management N rich strip vs. Sensor 90% sensor management earned $77/ha more than the N rich strip 4 FIELDS in favor of The N rich strip. 92% Reliable

26. farmer 37 farmers Sensor vs Conventional Wheat yield (kg/ha) Difference 63 kg N/ha Saving $ 57/ ha

27. 49 Sensor vs N Rich Strip Wheat yield (kg/ha) Difference 86kgN/ha Saving $77/ha

28. RESULTS 2007-2008

29. 278 kgN/ha 191 kgN/ha 171 kgN/ha Wheat Yield (kg/ha) 2007-2008 N richArea Sensor 1 Area Sensor 2 Average Yield Fertilizer Rate $ 99 US Increased income

30. GreenSeeker Program # YearsYear# FieldsHectares Increase in Income /ha (USD) 12002-20037762 22003-20048862 32004-200554090 42005-2006714057 52006-2007179350067 62007-2008130281199 72008-20094008000 Technology Transfer in the Yaqui Valley

31. CONCLUSSIONS by Dr. Ivan The GreenSeeker sensor is a very reliable nitrogen diagnostic tool, which allows farmers to have higher income and minimizes environmental impact in Mexico

32. CALIBRATION VALIDATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER NATIONAL SENSOR PROGRAM 1st y 2nd 3rd 4rd

33. CALIBRATION (Algorithm Development)

34. Algorithm

35. N rate experiment Area with farmer basal N application and diagnosed with the sensor N Rich Strip VALIDATION Optimum Field Size Sensing Time

36. TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER