1. Organic Chemistry and Polymers

2. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–2 Computer model of a globular protein

3. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–3 Figure 22.1: C-H bonds in methane

4. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–4 Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane

5. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–5 Figure 22.3: Structures of (a) propane (b) butane

6. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–6 Figure 22.4: (a) normal butane (b) branched isomer

7. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–7 Pentane

8. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–8 Isopentane

9. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–9 Neopentane

10. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–10

11. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–11 Figure 22.5: (a) molecular structure of cyclopropane (b) overlap of sp 3 orbitals

12. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–12 Figure 22.6: (a) chair (b) boat forms

13. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–13 Fractional Distillation

14. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–14 Petroleum Fractional Distillation

15. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–15 p.547a

16. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–16 Octane Number rating of gasoline’s ability to smoothly burn in an inertnal combustion engine

17. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–17 Combustion of Gasoline

18. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Internal Combustion Engine C 9 H 20(l) + 14O 2(g)  9CO 2(g) + 10H 2 O (g) CH 3 CH 3 | | CH 3 - C - CH 2 - CH - CH 3 | CH 3 isooctane

19. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–19 Table 12-1, p.547

20. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–20 Octane Enhancers tetraethyl lead - (C 2 H 5 ) 4 Pb - antiknock additive to gasoline from 1925-1975, ~3g of lead per gallon of gasoline ethyl bromide was added to help precipitate lead from the air replaced by toluene, tert-butyl alcohol, methanol, ethanol, etc.

21. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–21 Figure 22.8: Bonding in ethane

22. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–22 Average Emissions per Vehicles

23. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–23 Natural Gas & Oil Production

24. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Coal most coal is burned to produce electricity over 300 million tons of coal per year all coal contains some sulfur burning coal produces SO 2 and SO 3

25. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–25 Figure 22.7: Bonding in ethylene

26. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–26 Figure 22.9: The two stereoisomers of 2-butene

27. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–27 Figure 22.10: Bonding in acetylene

28. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–28 p.548

29. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–29 Fig. 12-3, p.548

30. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–30 Figure 22.11: The structure of benzene

31. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–31 Figure 22.12: Some selected substituted benzenes and their names

32. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–32

33. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–33 Compounds containing aromatic rings are often used in dyes, such as these for sale in a market in Nepal Source: Getty Images

34. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–34

35. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–35

36. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–36 Average Emissions per Vehicles

37. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–37 Natural Gas & Oil Production

38. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Coal most coal is burned to produce electricity over 300 million tons of coal per year all coal contains some sulfur burning coal produces SO 2 and SO 3

39. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–39 Blood Alcohol Level

40. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–40 Alcohols and Water alcohols are “monosubstituted” water, ROH, hydrocarbon radical, R, substituted for one of the hydrogen atoms in water, HOH alcohols form hydrogen bonds to other alcohol molecules, increasing boiling point, and to water, making them very soluble in water

41. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–41 Classes of Alcohols

42. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–42 Oxidation of Alcohols primary alcohol  aldehyde  carboxylic acids RCH 2 OH  RCHO  RCOOH secondary alcohols  ketones RCHOHR’  RC=OR’ tertiary alcohols  No Reaction

43. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–43 Large Molecules Containing Alcohol Groups

44. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–44 More Large Molecules Containing Alcohol Groups

45. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–45 Ethanol is being tested in selected areas as a fuel for automobiles Source: AP/Wide World Photos

46. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–46 Cinnamaldehyde produces the characteristic odor of cinnamon Source: Visuals Unlimited

47. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–47 Figure 22.13: Some common ketones and akdehydes

48. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–48 Figure 22.14: Some carboxylic acids

49. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–49 Computer-generated space-filling model of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) Source: Photo Researchers, Inc.

50. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a–50