1. Tonkawa ~ Apache ~ Comanche ~ Kiowa Coahuiltecan ~ Karankawa
Native Texas Cultures
Caddo ~ Wichita
Tonkawa ~ Apache ~ Comanche ~ Kiowa
Jumano ~ Tigua
Coahuiltecan ~ Karankawa

2. First People in Americas
Scientist believe the first people arrived in North America from Asia
Freezing temperatures of the Ice Age created huge glaciers
Ocean temperatures fell
Bering Strait became dry forming a “land bridge” called Beringia
Asian peoples crossed “land bridge” between Asia and Alaska
They were hunter-gatherers

4. First People in Americas
In 1492, Christopher Columbus thought he reached a part of Asia called the “Indies”
Named the people he met “Indians”
Today, we call them Native Americans

5. The Early Cultures How do we study past cultures?
Archeologists-scientists who study and learn about past cultures from artifacts they find
How were Indian cultures organized?
Bands – consist of two or more extended families that lived together under one leader.
What is an extended family?
Tribes – multiple bands who follow the same leader and share the same territory and culture.

6. Southeastern Tribes
Wichita
Caddo

7. THE CADDO Region: Coastal Plains Piney Woods Area
Housing: Large, Cone-Shaped Houses in Villages
Could hold 8-10 families
Decorated with colorful rugs, baskets, and pottery
Clothing: Deerskin (tanned to a deep black) and Buffalo Hide (in winter)
Tools/Weapons: Bow and Arrow

9. THE CADDO Unique Characteristics: Organized into confederacies
Clay Pottery
Farming/Hunting/Gathering
Contributed to Texas agriculture
“Tay-yas” – Friends
Most Advanced Culture

10. THE WICHITA Region: North Central Plains
Housing: Tipis (nomads), Grass Huts
Clothing: Deerskin and Buffalo Hide
Tools/Weapons: Horses for hunting from Kiowas
Unique Characteristics:
Shorter and Darker
“Raccoon Eyes” Tattoos
Farmers

11. Plains Tribes
Kiowa
Comanche
Apache
Lipan-
Tonkawa

12. THE TONKAWA Region: Coastal Plains Housing: Tipis (nomads)
Clothing: Buffalo Hide
Tools/Weapons: Used buffalo to make tools and weapons; Bow and Arrow
Unique Characteristics: Became hunters and gatherers after being pushed East from Comanches and Lipan- Apaches
Friendly tribe

14. THE LIPAN-APACHE Region: Great Plains/Coastal Plains
Housing: Tipis (nomads)
Clothing: Deerskin and Buffalo Hide
Tools/Weapons: Used buffalo to make tools and weapons; Bow and Arrow
Unique Characteristics:
Among the first to ride horses – up to 100 miles per day
Some Farming

16. THE COMANCHE Region: Great Plains Housing: Tipis (nomads)
Clothing: Buffalo Hide
Tools/Weapons: Used buffalo to make tools and weapons; Bow and Arrow
Unique Characteristics: ENTIRE way of life depended on the buffalo
Pemmican
Known as “warriors of the plains”

18. THE KIOWAS Geographic Location: Great Plains
Types of Housing: Tipis (nomads)
Types of Clothing: Buffalo Hide
Tools/Weapons: Used buffalo to make tools/weapons; Bow and Arrow
Unique Characteristics: Sun Dance – “Unity”
Became allies with Comanches

20. Pueblo Tribes
Tigua
Jumano

21. THE JUMANO Region: Mountains and Basins Small portion of Great Plains
Housing: Adobe Housing (Pueblos)
Many families lived in each Pueblo
Clothing: Capes and Ponchos
Tools/Weapons: Farmers/Farming Tools

22. THE JUMANO Unique Characteristics: Men did most of the farming
Skilled Traders
“Striped People” - horizontal
FIRST to have horses

23. THE TIGUAS Region: Mountains and Basins
Housing: Adobe Housing (Pueblos)
Shelters in the fields
Kiva –tribal council meetings
Clothing: Capes and Ponchos
Tools/Weapons: Farming Tools

24. THE TIGUAS Unique Characteristics:
Oldest group of Native Americans still living in Texas today – tiny reservation in El Paso

25. Western Gulf Tribes
Coahuiltecan
Karankawa

26. THE COAHUILTECANS Region: Coastal Plains
Housing: Dome-shaped huts covered with reed mats and animal hides
Independent bands
Very mobile
Clothing: Little clothing
Breechcloths and sandals
Tools/Weapons: Bow and Arrow
Pits to catch javelinas (wild pigs)
Fires

27. THE COAHUILTECANS Unique Characteristics: Hunter-gatherers
Ate many things: snakes, snails, insects, spiders,
ROTTEN WOOD, Plants

28. THE KARANKAWAS Region: Coastal Plains Housing: Lean-To/Hut
Held 8 People
Easy to move
Clothing: Deer Skin or Spanish Moss
Tools/Weapons: Long Bow and Arrow

29. THE KARANKAWAS Unique Characteristics: Ceremonial cannibalism
Fishing, hunting and gathering wild plants
Dugout canoes – from tree trunks
Tallest Indians – 6 ft

30. TEXAS INDIANS TODAY 100,000 Native Americans live in Texas today
3 Tribes
Tigua in El Paso
Alabama-Coushatta in East Texas
Kickapoo near Eagle Pass
Most bands settled on reservations in Oklahoma