1. R ECRUITMENT OF THE P RE - MOTOR A REA IN H UMAN I NDUCTIVE R EASONING : AN FMRI S TUDY Shengfu Lu, Peipeng Liang, Yanhui Yang & Kuncheng Li Presented by Michael Ycasas

2. W HAT IS I NDUCTIVE R EASONING ? Defined as the process of inferring a general rule (conclusion) by observation and analysis of specific instances (premises)

3. W HAT IS I NDUCTIVE R EASONING ? Defined as the process of inferring a general rule (conclusion) by observation and analysis of specific instances (premises) e.g. The Power Rangers were defeated last Thursday The Power Rangers were defeated this Thursday Therefore, the Power Ranger will be defeated next Thursday.

4. W HAT IS I NDUCTIVE R EASONING ? e.g. next fig next fig

5. P AST STUDIES ON I NDUCTIVE REASONING Bilateral rostrolateral PFC, and the right dorsolateral PFC activation (Christoff et al, 2001) Left dorsolateral prefrontal gyrus showed greater activity during induction (Goel and Dolan, 2004) Recruitment of the pre-motor cortex in inductive reasoning (Goel et al., 1997; Goel & Dolan, 2004; Christo ff et al., 2001; Parsons & Osherson, 2001)

6. C ONFLICT IN PAST STUDIES PMC’s clear role in induction

7. C ONFLICT IN PAST STUDIES PMC’s clear role in induction Past experimental method issues: a. Button-pressing task b. E ff ect of background knowledge induced by experimental tasks

8. M ETHODS

9. Rule AcquisitionRule Application

11. R ESULTS Induction Task vs Calculation Task brain region activations were consistent with past studies - PMC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and others.

12. R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSION G OING BACK TO PMC I SSUES : Was PMC simply activated because of button- pressing?

13. R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSION G OING BACK TO PMC I SSUES : Was PMC simply activated because of button- pressing?

14. R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSION W HAT IS THE ROLE OF PMC IN INDUCTION ? Di ff erent roles of the left and right PMC Left – non spatial task Right – spatial task (Gitelman et al.,1996; Haxby et al.,1994)

15. THE ROLE OF THE LEFT PMC IN INDUCTION ? PMC AND RELATION SYNTHESIS General and Holistic view of PMC(in relation to PFC) Trend: Medial PMC (internally guided movements) vs Lateral PMC (externally guided movements) (Schubotz & Cramon,2003) Similar trend in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (Christoff et al, 2001) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DLPFC mediate rule application after rule acquisition (Strange et al, 2001)

16. THE ROLE OF THE LEFT PMC IN INDUCTION ? PMC AND RELATION SYNTHESIS General and Holistic view of PMC(in relation to PFC) Trend: Medial PMC (internally guided movements) vs Lateral PMC (externally guided movements) (Schubotz & Cramon,2003) Similar trend in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (Christoff et al, 2001) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DLPFC mediate rule application after rule acquisition (Strange et al, 2001) Therefore, PMC exhibits the same function as DLPFC.

17. THE ROLE OF THE LEFT PMC IN INDUCTION ? PMC AND RELATION SYNTHESIS General and Holistic view of PMC(in relation to PFC) Trend: Medial PMC (internally guided movements) vs Lateral PMC (externally guided movements) (Schubotz & Cramon,2003) Similar trend in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (Christoff et al, 2001) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DLPFC mediate rule application after rule acquisition (Strange et al, 2001) Therefore, PMC exhibits the same function as DLPFC.

18. C ONCLUSION Inductive Reasoning is a content-based process Left PMC – implicit process of relation synthesis Right PMC – spatial information processing

19. I SSUES PMC activation due to Short term memory??? PMC may maintain a short term representation of structured dynamics (Geake & Hansen, 2005) (The NEED to remember the arithmetic rule!!)

20. OPINION / CRITICISM CORNER Not persuaded with the conclusion ....

21. OPINION / CRITICISM CORNER

22. 2 different brain regions = similar function b/c “they are adjacent” – (reasoning behind Relation Synthesis)??

23. That is all. No Questions allowed!!!

26. OPINION / CRITICISM ( S ) CORNER If PMC exhibit 1 then DLPFC exhibit 1 DLPFC exhibit 2 --------------------------------------------------- PMC exhibit 1

27. OPINION / CRITICISM ( S ) CORNER If PMC exhibit 1 then DLPFC exhibit 1, DLPFC exhibit 2 --------------------------------------------------- PMC exhibit 1 Is the same as saying that..... If Pregnant then Woman, Woman ---------------------------------------------------- Pregnant ---x---- not true!