1. Chapter 9
Compare and contrast the North American First Nations Holistic worldview with the European liberal worldview

2. First Nations
Many First Nations people believed and still believe in worldviews based on collectivism and Laws of Relationships between all living things, and seeing people interconnecting with the community.

3. Europeans
Believed in liberalistic values such as self interest and competition, and working for the individual need instead of sharing the land and resources.

4. Gain allies to use strategically Private property
North American First Nations.
Live in peace and harmony for survival
Co-operation brings group strength
Each person is sacred and complete
People are given choice to learn to live in respectful relationships.
Everyone shares land and resources
Europeans
Keep peace
Gain allies to use strategically
Private property
Capitalism/competition
Change brings about progress
Self-interest

5. Treaties
First Nations governments decided that treaties were agreements made between nations upheld by oral tradition. They also believed that treaties were established to share the land with newcomers.
The Government of Canada believed that treaties were agreements made by interested parties, upheld by a written document. They also believed that treaties were established to “clear the way” for European settlement.

6. Treaties made with first nations and government agencies
When these treaties were first made there were differences in understanding because of language and reliable interpreters. The first nations and the government of Canada had a difference understanding of what treaty was to mean.

7. First Nations
The first nations believed that treaties were made between sovereign nations and relationship with the land is of a collective and spiritual nature. They also thought that treaties were established to share the land with the newcomers. The first nations have a more collective worldview on how to live.

8. Canadian Government
The Canadian government had a difference idea of what it meant. That treaties are agreements made by interested parties, made with a written document. And that land is a resource that can be owned by individuals for their exclusive use, treaties were used to “clear the way” for European settlement.
The government believed that their European liberal ideology was superior to that of the first nations, they believed the treaties did not need to be honored.

9. Ongoing Conflict and Imposing Liberalism.
In the end they have still not come to a conclusion between the first nations and the Canadian government because they still do not see eye to eye on everything.
The first nations have a more collective way of looking at things and working towards a common good where as we are trying to impose liberalism on them a more individual way of living.

10. Policy of Assimilation
Define:
Assimilation: It is a process where ethnic or cultural groups adopt the culture of a dominant group and are pushed into its society. The traits adopted by these groups often threaten their pre existing cultures. They risk losing their language, customs, and self identity.

11. The Indian Act of 1876:
- This act enabled governments to have political control of the First Nations government. Therefore any laws that were passes by first nations were ignored.
- The government wanted to be able to control the behavior of the First Nations by removing their cultural traditions and customs.
- First nations people were encouraged to leave their Indian status and become full citizens of Canada.
- The Indian Act eroded the First Nations rights by the policies put in place. This forced the First Nations people to assimilate into a Liberal society.
Governments felt that the best way to bring First Nations children into Western values was by Residential Schools. Many children were treated poorly throughout their years in the school system from physical abuse to verbal abuse.
The last Federally run school was closed in 1966.
Since 1966 The Indian act has since been revised but never completely removed. Because of conflicting goals the attempts to change the Act is complicated.
In December 2002 the Federal Government introduced the First Nations Governance Act. This was introduced to help include First Nations into Western society. But the First Nations are unwilling to accept the new Act because they still find it offensive towards their culture and beliefs.

12. Attempts to Assimilate the Inuit:
The main example of the Canadian Government trying to assimilate the Inuit is shown by the ongoing investigation into the killing of thousands of Sled Dogs.
The Inuit people claim that between 1950 and 1970 RCMP were ordered by the Canadian and Quebec governments to kill the animals.
Though the investigation did not yield any evidence, there was still a large amount of information that was collected. RCMP along with the government claim that the animals were undertaken by RCMP for Public health and safety reasons.
During the 1960’s there was a large drop in the population of Sled Dogs due to many uncontrolled factors including; canine epidemics, the collapse of the fur trade, the invention of the Snowmobile, and the large number of Inuit’s who would rather live in a Market Economy instead of living on the land.
Female Identity and the Indian Act:
Due to the government policies of assimilation many First Nations people were stripped of their identities. Though everyone was effected woman were the most effected.
Up until 1985 the Indian Act was extremely discriminating towards women if they were married to a man without Indian status.
Under the act a women’s worth and role was determined solely on her relationship with a First Nations man.
This lead to the decreasing female dominated societies and practices. Although not all Aboriginal societies were female dominated (Matriarchal) all believed in a male dominated (patriarchal) governance
There was still high respect for Daughters, mothers, and grandmothers.

13. The Royal Commission On Aboriginal Peoples:
- Because of the women’s loss of power a large gender inequality was produced.
- Bill C-31 helped re- instate some of the power that women lost by reinstating women’s rights.
- Although the roles and conditions have be greatly improved there are still many problems with equal voices for women in the government and other organizations. Women’s freedoms are also in major need of change.
Metis Script:
The Metis people also experienced similar issues with the government. Although the Metis people were offered a script. This is a legal document in either the form of Land or Money to compensate for the loss of their original land.
To the Metis the script was viewed as an imposition of Liberal Policies. They felt that they were treating them as individuals instead of a distinct group.
The Royal Commission On Aboriginal Peoples:
The Canadian government formed the Royal Commission on Aboriginal People in 1991 to examine “ government policy with respect to the original historical nations of this country”
The main conclusion from the commission was that for 150 years the Canadian government has been wrong. Many writers and reporters say that Aboriginal people have the right to decide for themselves, and that the Canadian government and the Aboriginal people’s must work together and not against each other.
The commission recommended three changes that could be made:
- Legislation that recognized the sovereignty of Aboriginal peoples.
- Institutions of Aboriginal self-government.
- Initiatives to address Aboriginal peoples’ social, education, health, and housing needs.
- In the following years many people including the Aboriginals, Metis, and Inuit leaders have been very critical about the lack of government action towards the recommendations.

14. The Aboriginal Healing Foundation:
The one positive outcome of the Royal Commission was the launch of the Aboriginal Healing Foundation. The foundation was created to promote healing among Aboriginal people who are still healing from the abuse in the Residential Schools.
The foundations motto is: `` Helping Aboriginal people Heal Themselves.``
1345 grants totalling $406 million were handed out to communities across Canada.
Leaders say that there is still much to be done so that Aboriginal peoples have the same rights, freedoms, and opportunities that the people in a Liberal democracy have.
First Nations National Chief Phil Fontaine says that Canadians are fair-minded and that they understand the situations described in their communities but it is just simply unacceptable.

15. Imposing Liberalism in Afghanistan
The Taliban were extremely oppressive and controlling
Under Taliban rule women were stripped of their rights and freedoms, and were treated very poorly
After the attack on 9/11, the United States invaded and started imposing democracy on their society
After refusing to hand over Osama Bin Laden the United States and British Air forces began bombing alleged Al Qaeda and Taliban bases
After the bombings NATO began rebuilding the country
Other countries like India, Canada Etc. also helped with the reconstruction

16. Economy, health, education, transportation and agriculture were some of the key facilities that are helping to build democracy in the nation
Though Afghanistan was under Taliban rule there was still some sense of peace, The rights and freedoms of the Afghan people now are more liberated, but they are in the middle of a warzone with bombings and attacks occurring daily.
It was the national interest for the United States to go to Afghanistan, to dispose of the terrorists and their leaders
To this day there are still American troops in Afghanistan with no known whereabouts of Osama Bin Laden

17. Imposing Liberalism in Afghanistan

18. After 9/11 in the taliban’s refusal to give up Al Queda leaders and the human rights violation the US operation to ensure freedoms in Afghanistan. Before 9/11 and the imposition of liberalism women were treated horribly punishment for crimes was death, women who weren’t married couldn’t support themselves and were raped regularly and were considered the corrupters of men. All citizens were removed of many privledges.

19. When allies tried to force out the Taliban regime and impose liberalism Canadian government attempted to obtain leadership and help rebuild Afghanistan they brought roughly 3000 Canadian soldiers to Afghanistan.
NATO took control of the mission and assissted in a new democratic election.
Canada did have to remove some rights and freedomsfrom some citizens in afghanistan.

20. Removing some rights and freedoms was and effort to make a liberal future for Afghanistan
Liberal ways of life were being practised throughtout the country
According to a poll 70% of Afghans felt that the imposition of Liberalism was beneficial and necessary and almost all Afghans opposed the Taliban.
In conclusion, the ends will justify the means

21. Afghanistan
The Taliban hated the U.S. because they are Islamic they hate capitalism and in 1980’s when the soviet union collapsed the U.S. stopped sending aid and other things to its allies. So they decided to bomb the twin towers and they picked that building because it was a symbol of corporate of America. After the bombing the U.S. invaded Afghanistan and removed the Taliban and then installed a democratic government.

22. China
The people of China during the Qing dynasty were involved in the Xinhai Revolution in The revolution was motivated by anger at corruption in the Qing government. The Revolution resulted in the abdication of the Emperor Puyi, the last emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the instalment of Liberal republican government, with Yuan Shikai, the first president of The Republic of China.

23. SAY YAY TO LIBERALISM Liberalism should be pursued because:
All people should have equal rights
North America was started by liberalism
It was the start of the Indian act with helped aboriginals get the same rights and freedoms as all of the settlers
More people believe that if everyone embraced liberalism that the world would be a safer better place

24. SAY YES TO LIBERALISM
It focuses on the individuals right to property and it removes government intervention.
It promotes humanitarianism, which is good because there is a lot of unfortunate people out there
We shouldn’t tolerate countries who deny their citizens human rights.

25. LIBERALISM
INCLUDE…
constitutions, liberal democracy, free and fair elections, human rights capitalism, fair trade, and the separation of church and state
Liberalism is the belief in the importance of individual liberty and equal rights

26. LIBERALISM
"All men are created equal" really meant no one is born to a different order, above other men, as in monarchy and aristocracy. Liberalism meant the removal of traditional or arbitrary distinctions that were imposed on people. Liberalism meant the removal of social obstacles enabling each man to have, as Lincoln put it, "an equal chance to run the race of life." Liberalism meant restraints on the power of the state. Liberalism meant a government of laws, not of men. It meant the self-government of a people, through their constitution and system of laws.

27. SAY NO TO LIBERALISM
Liberalism gave entrepreneurs a chance to monopolize an idea that they pursued, this then leaves the working class that is dependent on working secure jobs, is affected greatly by the change in the economy and the price of goods and service varying because its not government ran and the producer is focusing on the profit income .So when the economies having problems the people with a stable check cannot keep up to the up and downs in our economy. Also the government stabilizes the working classes jobs, unlike profit oriented companies who in tough situations usually resorts to laying staff off to neutralize the income so their not spending money on staff