1. Unit 06 - Overview How We Learn and Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning’s Applications, and Comparison to Classical ConditioningOperant Conditioning’s Applications, and Comparison to Classical Conditioning Biology, Cognition, and Learning Learning By Observation

3. How Do We Learn? Learning Habituation Stimulus Associative learning –Classical conditioningClassical conditioning –Operant conditioningOperant conditioning –Cognitive learningCognitive learning Observational learning

4. How Do We Learn? Classical Conditioning

5. How Do We Learn? Operant Conditioning

6. Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning –Ivan Pavlov –John B. Watson –BehaviorismBehaviorism

7. Classical Conditioning Pavlov’s Experiments Ivan Pavlov –Background –Experimental procedure

8. Classical Conditioning Pavlov’s Experiments Parts of Classical Conditioning –Neutral Stimulus (NS)Neutral Stimulus (NS) –Unconditioned stimulus (US)Unconditioned stimulus (US) –Unconditioned response (UR)Unconditioned response (UR) –Conditioned stimulus (CS)Conditioned stimulus (CS) –Conditioned response (CR)Conditioned response (CR)

9. Classical Conditioning Pavlov’s Experiments

10. Classical Conditioning

11. Classical Conditioning Acquisition Acquisition Higher-order conditioningHigher-order conditioning

12. Classical Conditioning Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery Extinction

13. Classical Conditioning Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery Spontaneous recovery

14. Classical Conditioning Generalization Generalization

15. Classical Conditioning Discrimination Discrimination

16. Classical Conditioning Pavlov’s Legacy: Applications of Classical Conditioning John Watson and Baby Albert

18. Operant Conditioning Classical Conditioning –Respondent behavior Operant conditioning –Actions associated with consequences –Operant behavior

19. Skinner’s Experiments Edward Thorndike’s Law of Effect B.F. Skinner –Behavioral technology –Behavior control

20. Skinner’s Experiments Operant Chamber (Skinner Box)Operant Chamber Reinforcement

21. Skinner’s Experiments Shaping Behavior Shaping –Successive approximations –Discriminative stimulusDiscriminative stimulus

22. Skinner’s Experiments Types of Reinforcers Reinforcer –Positive reinforcementPositive reinforcement –Negative reinforcementNegative reinforcement

23. Skinner’s Experiments Types of Reinforcers: Primary and Secondary Reinforcers Primary reinforcer Conditioned reinforcer –Secondary reinforcer Immediate vs delayed reinforcers

24. Skinner’s Experiments Reinforcement Schedules Continuous reinforcement Partial (intermittent) reinforcement Schedules –Fixed-ratio scheduleFixed-ratio schedule –Variable-ratio scheduleVariable-ratio schedule –Fixed-interval scheduleFixed-interval schedule –Variable-interval scheduleVariable-interval schedule

25. Skinner’s Experiments Punishment Punishment –Positive punishment –Negative punishment

26. Skinner’s Experiments Punishment Negatives of using punishment

27. Skinner’s Legacy Controversies surrounding Skinner’s Operant Conditioning

29. Application of Operant Conditioning At school In sports At home For self- improvement

30. Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning

31. Module 29: Biology, Cognition, and Learning

32. Biological Constraints on Conditioning

33. Biological Constraints on Conditioning Limits on Classical Conditioning John Garcia –Conditioned Taste Aversion –Biologically primed associations Natural Selection and Learning –Genetic predisposition

34. Biological Constraints on Conditioning Limits on Classical Conditioning

35. Biological Constraints on Conditioning Limits on Operant Conditioning Naturally adapting behaviors Instinctive drift

36. Cognition’s Influence on Conditioning Cognitive Processes and Classical Conditioning Predictability of an event –Expectancy Stimulus associations

37. Cognition’s Influence on Conditioning Cognitive Processes and Operant Conditioning Latent learning –Cognitive mapCognitive map Insight Intrinsic motivation Extrinsic motivation

38. Influences on Conditioning Biological Cognitive

39. Learning and Personal Control Cope Problem-focused coping Emotion-focused coping

40. Learning and Personal Control Learned Helplessness Learned helplessness Who? What?

41. Learning and Personal Control Learned Helplessness: Internal Versus External Locus of Control External locus of control Internal locus of control

42. Learning and Personal Control Learned Helplessness: Depleting and Strengthening Self-Control Self-control

44. Mirrors and Imitation in the Brain Observational learning –Social learning –ModelingModeling –Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment

45. Mirrors and Imitation in the Brain Mirror neurons

46. Mirrors and Imitation in the Brain Cognitive Imitation

47. Applications of Observational Learning Prosocial versus Antisocial Effects Prosocial effects Antisocial effects