1. Metabolism of lipids - exercise -
Vladimíra Kvasnicová

2. Choose compounds counting among lipids
fatty acids and glycerol
triacylglycerols and phospholipids
ketone bodies
cholesterol

3. Choose compounds counting among lipids
fatty acids and glycerol
TAG and phospholipids
ketone bodies
cholesterol
Aceton
The fiugure is from the book: Devlin, T. M. (editor): Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 4th ed. Wiley‑Liss, Inc., New York, ISBN 0‑471‑15451‑2

4. Free Fatty Acids = FFA a hydrophobic hydrocarbon sceleton predominates
The figure is found at (Jan 2007)

5. a hydrophobic hydrocarbon sceleton predominates
The figure is found at (Jan 2007)

6. Lipoproteins contain a phospholipid bilayer on their surface
free cholesterol in their core
triacylglycerols in their core
surface proteins having a role of ligands, which can bind to receptors of target cells

7. Lipoproteins contain a phospholipid bilayer on their surface
free cholesterol in their core
triacylglycerols in their core
surface proteins having a role of ligands, which can bind to receptors of target cells other functions: apoproteins activate enzymes metabolizing lipoproteins, or they have a structural function

8. lipids are transported in a form of lipoproteins in blood
The figure was accepted from the book: Grundy, S.M.: Atlas of lipid disorders, unit 1. Gower Medical Publishing, New York, 1990.

9. Choose correct statements about a transport of lipids in blood
triacylglycerols are transfered mainly by chylomicrons and VLDL
free fatty acids are bound to albumin
cholesterol is transfered mainly by HDL and LDL
ketone bodies do not need a transport protein

10. Choose correct statements about a transport of lipids in blood
triacylglycerols are transfered mainly by chylomicrons and VLDL
free fatty acids are bound to albumin
cholesterol is transfered mainly by HDL and LDL
ketone bodies do not need a transport protein

11. The figure was accepted from the book: Grundy, S. M
The figure was accepted from the book: Grundy, S.M.: Atlas of lipid disorders, unit 1. Gower Medical Publishing, New York, 1990.

12. The figure was accepted from the book: Grundy, S. M
The figure was accepted from the book: Grundy, S.M.: Atlas of lipid disorders, unit 1. Gower Medical Publishing, New York, 1990.

13. The figure was accepted from the book: Grundy, S. M
The figure was accepted from the book: Grundy, S.M.: Atlas of lipid disorders, unit 1. Gower Medical Publishing, New York, 1990.

14. The figure was accepted from the book: Grundy, S. M
The figure was accepted from the book: Grundy, S.M.: Atlas of lipid disorders, unit 1. Gower Medical Publishing, New York, 1990.

15. The figure was accepted from the book: Grundy, S. M
The figure was accepted from the book: Grundy, S.M.: Atlas of lipid disorders, unit 1. Gower Medical Publishing, New York, 1990.

16. The figure was accepted from the book: Grundy, S. M
The figure was accepted from the book: Grundy, S.M.: Atlas of lipid disorders, unit 1. Gower Medical Publishing, New York, 1990.

17. The figure was accepted from the book: Grundy, S. M
The figure was accepted from the book: Grundy, S.M.: Atlas of lipid disorders, unit 1. Gower Medical Publishing, New York, 1990.

18. Releasing of free fatty acids from TAG of fatty tissue
and their followed transport to target cells
The figure is found at (Jan 2007)

19. Choose correct statements about properties of lipoproteins
chylomicrons are formed in enterocytes
VLDL conteins the apoC-II - an activator of a lipoprotein lipase
apoproteins A (apoA) are specific for LDL
HDL transfers cholesterol from the liver to extrahepatic tissues

20. Choose correct statements about properties of lipoproteins
chylomicrons are formed in enterocytes
VLDL conteins the apoC-II - an activator of a lipoprotein lipase
apoproteins A (apoA) are specific for LDL
HDL transfers cholesterol from the liver to extrahepatic tissues

21. important apoproteins
Lipoproteins
type
source
principal lipids
important apoproteins
they transport:
chylo- microns
intestine
TAG
B-48, C-II, E
TAG from a diet to various tissues
CHM remnants
chylo- microns (CHM)
cholesterol, TAG, phospholipids
B-48, E
remnants of chylomicrons
to the liver
VLDL
liver
C-II, B-100
newly synthetized TAG to other tissues
IDL
cholesterol, TAG, phospholip.
B-100
VLDL remnants to other tissues
LDL
cholesterol
cholesterol to extrahepat. tissues
HDL
cholesterol,
phospholipids, store of apoprot.
A-I, E, C-II
cholesterol from tissues back to the liver

22. Lipases catalyze cleavage of fatty acids
catalyze cleavage of cholesterol esters
are found on the inner surface of blood vessels
are found in the adipose tissue

23. Lipases catalyze cleavage of fatty acids
catalyze cleavage of cholesterol esters
are found on the inner surface of blood vessels = lipoprotein lipase
are found in the adipose tissue = hormone sensitive lipase

24. Lipases name source location of its action function properties
acid stable lipase
stomach
hydrolysis of TAG composed of short chain fatty acids
stability in low pH
pancreatic lipase
pancreas
small intestine
hydrolysis of TAG
to 2 fatty acids and 2-monoacylglycerol
needs pancreatic colipase
lipoprotein lipase
extra- hepatic tissues
inner surface of blood vessels
hydrolysis of TAG found in VLDL
and chylomicrons
activated by apoC-II
hormon sensitive lipase
adipocytes
cytoplasm of adipocytes
hydrolysis of reserve
triacylglycerols
activated by phosphory-lation
acidic lipase
various tissues
lysosomes
acidic pH-optimum

25. Regulation of lipolysis
regulatory enzyme
activation
inhibition
hormone sensitive lipase
(in adipocytes)
catecholamines, glucagon (phosphorylation)
insulin
prostaglandins
lipoprotein lipase
(inner surface of blood vessels)
apolipoprotein C-II (apoC-II)

26. Fatty acids can contain double bonds
are found in the fatty tissue in their esterified form
are found in membrane phospholipids
can be converted to ketone bodies

27. Fatty acids can contain double bonds
are found in the fatty tissue in their esterified form as triacylglycerols (TAG)
are found in membrane phospholipids
can be converted to ketone bodies

28. -oxidation of fatty acids
proceeds in a mitochondrion
produces oxidized forms of coenzymes
proceeds in a nervous tissue as well
is regulated on the level of FFA transport into the mitochondrion

29. -oxidation of fatty acids
proceeds in a mitochondrion
produces oxidized forms of coenzymes
proceeds in a nervous tissue as well
is regulated on the level of FFA transport into the mitochondrion carnitine transporter

30. -oxidation of fatty acids (1 cycle)
The figure is found at (Jan 2007)

31. Carnitine acyltransferase
is activated by malonyl-CoA
transfers the molecule of acyl-CoA into the mitochondrion
transfers acyls of the maximal length of 18 carbons
transfers carnitin out of the mitoch. matrix

32. Carnitine acyltransferase
is activated by malonyl-CoA
transfers the molecule of acyl-CoA into the mitochondrion
transfers acyls of the maximal length of 18 carbons
transfers carnitin out of the mitoch. matrix
regulatory enzyme
activation
inhibition
carnitin
palmitoyltransferase I
(carnitin acyltransferase)
malonyl-CoA (= intermediate of FA synthesis)

33. Transport of fatty acids into a mitochondrion CARNITINE TRANSPORTER
cytoplasm
Transport of fatty acids into a mitochondrion
CARNITINE TRANSPORTER
The figure was adopted from the book: Devlin, T. M. (editor): Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 4th ed. Wiley‑Liss, Inc., New York, ISBN 0‑471‑15451‑2

34. Acetyl-CoA generated by -oxidation can be
oxidized in a citrate cycle
transformed to ketone bodies
transformed to glucose
used in a cholesterol synthesis

35. Acetyl-CoA generated by -oxidation can be
oxidized in a citrate cycle
transformed to ketone bodies
transformed to glucose !!!
used in a cholesterol synthesis
Acetyl-CoA can not be converted to pyruvate: pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction is irreversible.

36. Ketone bodies can be used as an energy substrate for the liver
are formed in various tissues
can be transformed to glucose
can be oxidized to CO2 and water

37. Ketone bodies can be used as an energy substrate for the liver
are formed in various tissues
can be transformed to glucose !!!
can be oxidized to CO2 and water

38. Ketone bodies synthesis (= ketogenesis)
proceeds if -oxidation is 
ounly in the liver: mitochondria
Acetyl-CoA OH
The figure is found at (Jan 2007)

39. Regulation of ketogenesis
regulatory enzyme
activation
inhibition
hormon sensitive lipase
(lipolysis in fatty tissue)
 ratio glucagon / insulin
catecholamines
 ratio insulin / glucagon
carnitine acyltransferase I
(transfer of fatty acids into mitochondria)
malonyl-Co A
 ratio insulin / glucagon

40. Ketone bodies degradation (oxidation)
proceeds during starvation in extrahepatic tissues as an alternative energy source
(in a brain as well)
Citrate cycle
The figure is found at (Jan 2007)

41. Fatty acid synthesis proceeds in a mitochondrion
starts by the reaction: acetyl-CoA + acetyl-CoA → acatoacetyl-CoA + CoA
needs NADPH+H+ as a coenzyme
includes the reaction order: dehydrogenation, hydration, dehydrogenation, cleavage

42. Fatty acid synthesis proceeds in a mitochondrion
starts by the reaction: acetyl-CoA + acetyl-CoA → acatoacetyl-CoA + CoA
needs NADPH+H+ as a coenzyme
includes the reaction order: dehydrogenation, hydration, dehydrogenation, cleavage it is the reaction order of -oxidation

43. in a cytoplasm:
= key regulatory enzyme
„activated carbon“

44. catalyzed by fatty acid synthase (cytoplasm)
Fatty acid synthesis
(1 cycle)
catalyzed by fatty acid synthase (cytoplasm)
The figure is found at (Jan 2007)

45. Transport of acetyl-CoA from a mitochondrion to the cytoplasm
FA synthesis
NADPH from pentose cycle
The figure is found at (Jan 2007)

46. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
is found in a cytoplasm
catalyzes conversion of acetyl-CoA to oxaloacetate
is activated by citrate
is activated by insulin

47. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
is found in a cytoplasm
catalyzes conversion of acetyl-CoA to oxaloacetate
is activated by citrate
is activated by insulin

48. Regulation of fatty acid synthesis
regulatory enzyme
activation
inhibition
acetyl CoA carboxylase
(key enzyme)
citrate
insulin
low-fat, energy rich high saccharide diet (induction)
acyl-CoA (C16- C18)
glucagon (phosphorylation, repression)
lipid rich diet, starvation (repression)
fatty acid synthase
phosphorylated saccharides
glucagon (phosphorylation, repression)

49. Triacylglycerol synthesis
proceeds in a mitochondrion
is catalyzed by lipase
starts from glycerol-3-phosphate
includes phosphatidic acid as an intermediate

50. Triacylglycerol synthesis
proceeds in a mitochondrion
is catalyzed by lipase
starts from glycerol-3-phosphate
includes phosphatidic acid as an intermediate

51. Biosynthesis of triacylglycerols
The figure is found at (Jan 2007)

52. Regulation of TAG metabolism
regulatory enzyme
activation
inhibition
phosphatidic acid phosphatase
steroid hormones (induction)
lipoprotein lipase
(important for storage of TAG in a fatty tissue)
insulin
apolipoprotein C-II

53. Cholesterol synthesis
starts from acetyl-CoA
includes the same intermediate as ketogenesis: HMG-CoA
includes phosphoderivatives of isoprene as intermediates
is inhibited by cholesterol

54. Cholesterol synthesis
starts from acetyl-CoA
includes the same intermediate as ketogenesis: HMG-CoA
includes phosphoderivatives of isoprene as intermediates
is inhibited by cholesterol

55. Biosynthesis of cholesterol
regulatory enzyme
The figure is found at (Jan 2007)

56. activated isoprene: two frorms
The figure is found at (Jan 2007)

57. cholesterol synthesis
ketone bodies
The figure is found at (Jan 2007)

58. Regulation of cholesterol synthesis
regulatory enzyme
activation
inhibition
HMG-CoA reductase
insulin, thyroxine (induction)
cholesterol
glucagon (repression)
oxosterols (repression)

59. Cholesterol can be degraded to acetyl-CoA
incorporated to cellular membrane
esterified by a fatty acid
transformed to bile acids

60. Cholesterol can be degraded to acetyl-CoA !!! it is not degraded
incorporated to cellular membrane
esterified by a fatty acid
transformed to bile acids

61. Phospholipids have an amphipatic structure are found in lipoproteins
contain saturated fatty acids only
always contain glycerol

62. Phospholipids have an amphipatic structure are found in lipoproteins
contain saturated fatty acids only
always contain glycerol

63. Structure of phospholipid
often unsaturated
The figure is found at (Jan 2007)

64. Structure of lipids
The figure is found at (Jan 2007)

65. sphingosine ceramide = amide formed from sphingosine and fatty acid
The figure is found at (Jan 2007)

66. Degradation of phospholipids
(hydrolysis)
The figure is found at (Jan 2007)

67. Glycolipids always contein a ceramide are found on the cell surface
have an amphipatic structure
are synthetized in a cytoplasm

68. Glycolipids always contein a ceramide are found on the cell surface
have an amphipatic structure
are synthetized in a cytoplasm