1. Portfolio Management Unit – 1 Session No.5 Topic: Investment Objectives Unit – 1 Session No.5 Topic: Investment Objectives

2. Session Plan Recap the Previous Session How the return is measured? – What is investor’s expectation on return? – What are the specific return objectives? – What are the different types of return measures?

3. How to reduce portfolio risk? What is VaR? What is Absolute Risk and Relative Risk? Give example. Why risk budgeting is required? Recap

4. What is an Return Objective? The investment policy framework is the return objective, which must be consistent with the risk objective. – willingness and ability in setting the risk objective – It requires a resolution of return desires versus the risk objective Formulating a return objective, the investor must address the following four questions: – How is return measured? – How much return does the investor say she wants? – How much return does the investor need to achieve, on average? – What are the specific return objectives?

5. Return Objectives How is return measured? The usual measure is total return, the sum of the return from price appreciation and the return from investment income. – Holding period returns (or) Average Returns Nominal returns must be distinguished from real returns. – Nominal returns are unadjusted for inflation. – Real returns are adjusted for inflation and sometimes simply called inflation-adjusted returns.

6. How is return measured?

8. An investor purchased Rs.1,000 of a mutual fund's shares. The fund had the following total returns over a 3- year period : Year 1 - 5%, Year 2 – (-)8%, Year 3 - 12%. Calculate the value at the end of the 3 -year period, the holding period return, the mean annual return, and the geometric mean annual return.

9. How is return measured?

10. Real return is nominal return adjusted for inflation Example: An investor who earns a nominal return of 7% over a year when inflation is 2%. The investor’s approximate real return is simply 7 -2 = 5%. The investor’s exact real return is slightly lower, 1.07/1.02 – 1 = 4.9%

11. What is an Return? How much return does the investor say he wants? This amount is the stated return desire. These wants or desires may be realistic or unrealistic. An investor may have higher-than-average return desires to meet high consumption. – The adviser or portfolio manager must continually evaluate the desire for high returns and, – The investor’s ability to assume risk and the reasonableness of the stated return desire, especially relative to capital market conditions

12. What is an Return? How much return does the investor need to achieve, on average? This amount is known as required return or return requirement. – investors requirements typically achievable, at least on average. Example – the return that a retired investor must earn on his investment portfolio to cover his annual living expenses.

13. What is an Return? What are the specific return objectives? The return objective incorporates – the required return, – the stated return desire, and – the risk objective into a measurable annual total return specification. An investor’s return objective should be consistent with that investor’s risk objective. A relative return objective is stated as a return relative to the portfolio benchmark’s total return

14. What is an Return?

15. Summarizing What is absolute return? How much return does the investor need to achieve, on average? Distinguish return requirement and risk tolerance for different types of investors. What are the specific return objectives?

16. Assignment Probability (Pi)Return (Ri)Expected Return 0.204%4%1.12% 0.4516%5.00% 0.2323%7.35% Compute Variance and Standard deviation. Give your comment about the three scenarios