1. Essentials of Marketing Research William G. Zikmund Chapter 9: Experimental Research

2. Experiment A research investigation in which conditions are controlled One independent variable is manipulated (sometimes more than one) Its effect on a dependent variable is measured To test a hypothesis

3. Basic Issues of Experimental Design Manipulation of the Independent Variable Selection of Dependent Variable Assignment of Subjects (or other Test Units) Control Over Extraneous Variables

4. The experimenter has some degree of control over the independent variable. The variable is independent because its value can be manipulated by the experimenter to whatever he or she wishes it to be.

5. Experiment Treatment Alternative manipulations of the independent variable being investigated

6. Independent Variable The experimenter controls independent variable. The variable’s value can be manipulated by the experimenters to whatever they wish it to be.

7. Manipulation of Independent Variable Classificatory vs. continuous variables Experimental and control groups Treatment levels More than one independent variable

8. Experimental Treatments The alternative manipulations of the independent variable being investigated

9. Dependent Variable Its value is expected to be dependent on the experimenter’s manipulation Criterion or standard by which the results are judged

10. Dependent Variable Selection –e.g... sales volume, awareness, recall, Measurement

11. Test Units Subjects or entities whose response to the experimental treatment are measured or observed.

12. Two Types of Experimental Error Constant errors Random errors

13. Field versus Laboratory Experiments

14. Controlling Extraneous Variables Elimination of extraneous variables Constancy of conditions Order of presentation Blinding Random assignment

15. How May an Experimenter control for Extraneous Variation? Eliminate Extraneous Variables Hold Conditions Constant Randomization Matching Subjects

16. Establishing Control

17. Demand Characteristics Experimental procedures that intentionally hint to subjects something about the experimenter’s hypothesis

18. Demand Characteristics Guinea pig effect Hawthorne effect

19. Field vs. Laboratory Experiment

20. Laboratory ExperimentField Experiment Artificial-Low Realism Few Extraneous Variables High control Low Cost Short Duration Subjects Aware of Participation Natural-High Realism Many Extraneous Variables Low control High Cost Long Duration Subjects Unaware of Participation

21. Control Groups Isolate extraneous variation

22. When does an Experiment have Internal Validity? Internal Validity - The ability of an experiment to answer the question whether the experimental treatment was the sole cause of changes in a dependent variable Did the manipulation do what it was supposed to do?

23. Factors Influencing Internal Validity History Maturation Testing Instrumentation Selection Mortality

24. Isolating Extraneous Variation with a Control Group History Effects Maturation Effects Mortality Effects

25. Type of Extraneous VariableExample History - Specific events in the environment between the Before and After measurement that are beyond the experimenter’s control Maturation - Subjects change during the course of the experiment Testing - The Before measure alerts or sensitizes subject to nature of experiment or second measure. A major employer closes its plant in test market area Subjects become tired Questionnaire about the traditional role of women triggers enhanced awareness of women in an experiment.

26. Instrument - Changes in instrument result in response bias Selection - Sample selection error because of differential selection comparison groups Mortality - Sample attrition; some subjects withdraw from experiment New questions about women are interpreted differently from earlier questions. Control group and experimental group is self-selected group based on preference for soft drinks Subjects in one group of a hair dying study marry rich widows and move to Florida

27. How can Internal Validity Increase?

28. Increasing Internal Validity Control group Random assignment Pretesting and posttesting Posttest only

29. What are the Different Basic Experimental Designs?

30. Quasi-Experimental Designs One Shot Design (After Only) One Group Pretest-Posttest Static Group Design

31. One Shot Design (After Only) XO 1

32. One Group Pretest-Posttest O 1 X O 2

33. Static Group Design Experimental GroupX O 1 Control Group O 2

34. Three Good Experimental Designs Pretest - Posttest Control Group Design Posttest Only Control Group Solomon Four Group Design

35. Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design Experimental Group R O 1 X O 2 Control Group R O 3 X O 4

36. Posttest Only Control Group Experimental Group R X O 1 Control Group R O 2

37. One-Shot Design Internal Validity Problems History –weak Maturation –weak Testing –not relevant Instrumentation –not relevant Selection –weak Mortality –weak

38. One-Group Pretest-Posttest Internal Validity Problems History –weak Maturation –weak Testing –weak Instrumentation –weak Selection –controlled Mortality –controlled

39. Static-Group Design Internal Validity Problems History –controlled Maturation –possible source of concern Testing –controlled Instrumentation –controlled Selection –weak Mortality –weak

40. Pretest-Posttest Control Internal Validity Problems History –controlled Maturation –controlled Testing –controlled Instrumentation –controlled Selection –controlled Mortality –controlled

41. Solomon Four-Group Design Internal Validity Problems History –controlled Maturation –controlled Testing –controlled Instrumentation –controlled Selection –controlled Mortality –controlled

42. Posttest-Only Control Internal Validity Problems History –controlled Maturation –controlled Testing –controlled Instrumentation –controlled Selection –controlled Mortality –controlled

43. Solomon Four Group Design Experimental Group 1: R O 1 X O 2 Control Group 1: R O 3 O 4 Experimental Group 2: R X O 5 Control Group 2: R X O 6

44. Test Marketing Test marketing is an experimental procedure that provides an opportunity to test a new product or a new marketing plan under realistic market conditions to measure sales or profit potential.

45. Selecting A Test Market Population size Demographic composition Lifestyle considerations Competitive situation Media Self-contained trading area Secrecy

46. Control Method Of Test Marketing Small city Low chance of being detected Distribution is forced (guaranteed)

47. Advanced Experimental Designs Are More Complex Completely randomized Randomized block design Latin square Factorial

48. Average minutes shopper spends in store Control: no music Experimental treatment: slow music Experimental treatment: fast music 16 1812 Complex Experimental Designs

49. Blocking Variable Independent Variable RANDOMIZED BLOCK DESIGN

50. Independent Variable 1 No grocery cart signs Grocery cart signs No MusicSlow MusicFast Music Independent Variable 2 Factorial Design

51. Men Women Ad A Ad B 65 7060 Main Effects of Gender Main Effects of Ad > > 2 x 2 Factorial Design

52. 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Ad AAd B Women Men Believability Interaction Between Gender and Advertising Copy

53. PriceRedGold $25Cell 1Cell 4 $30Cell 2Cell 5 $35Cell 3Cell 6 Package Design Factorial Design -- Roller Skates