1. Chapter 7

2. Classification by Evolutionary Relationship By far the most familiar is the frame work created 250 years ago by Linnaeus Organisms grouped in a taxon show a high degree of similarity 2 Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Binomial nomenclature

3. Domains of Life

4. Kingdom Animalia ~3 million species, maybe up to 30 million Eukaryotes: Cell has a nucleus Heterotrophs: Must consume organic matter to maintain cellular metabolism Metabolism = all the chemical reactions that occur in an organism. Multicellular

5. Kingdom Animalia

6. Must eat (no photosynthesis)

7. Kingdom Animalia Multicellular

8. Kingdom Animalia No cell walls

9. Kingdom Animalia Diverse in form

10. Kingdom Animalia Diverse in habitat

11. Kingdom Animalia Some asexual reproduction

12. Kingdom Animalia Most Sexual reproduction

13. Kingdom Animalia Unique tissues

14. Vertebrates 3% of animal species Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals

15. Invertebrates = No Backbone 97% of all animal species are invertebrates Most species are Marine Ex:

16. SYMMETRY

17. Levels of Cell Organization Cell Level –cells have different functions Tissue Level – cells organize into groups that carry out specific functions. Organ Level – tissues organize into organs which coordinates with other organs to carry out specific processes.

18. Phylum Porifera =“pore bearing” Ex: sponges No symmetry = asymmetrical Structurally simplest animals No organs or true tissues, cell level Many pores

19. ( Phylum Porifera ) Sessile = Do not move, live on bottom or on a substrate Filter feeders = consume plankton and other organic materials

21. Sponges

22. Structure: Spicules & Spongin Spicules: Siliceous or Calcerous structures Vary in shape and size Spongin =

23. Sponge Anatomy Ostia (Ostium) = Osculum= Pinacocytes= Porocytes =

24. Sponge Anatomy Choanocytes/Collar cells = Amebocytes=

25. Water Flow in Sponges 1. 2. 3. 4.

27. Sponge form and skeletons

28. Branching tubular, volcano - like masses Encrusting sponges are thin brightly colored growths on rocks Glass sponges live anchored in deep water sediments & have siliceous spicules (lace-like) Boring sponges bore thin channels through calcium carbonate such as oysters shells and corals

29. Some sponges form new individuals after their cells are separated from one another. Asexual Reproduction

30. Sponge Reproduction Asexual Sexual Budding = parent develops small growths that eventually break off and become separate individuals. Produce gametes = the reproductive cells. Specialized collar cells or amebocytes turn into gametes Male gamete = sperm, produced by the testes. Female gamete =egg, produced by the ovaries Most hermaphrodites, produce both kinds of gametes. Broadcast spawning, sperm released into water.

31. Sexual reproduction cont. Early stage of development happens inside sponge Embryo released into water as planktonic larva and drifts with currents. Settles on bottom and grows into a new sponge

32. Fig. 7.4

33. Sponge Habitat Poles to the Tropics Most in shallow tropical waters Sponge Use Some sponges harvested in Gulf of Mexico and eastern Mediterranean The spongin are the fibers that remain after death of sponge