1. Sep 2012 Lesson 4.7 Meteorology Precipitation, Fog & Thunderstorms

2. Reference From the Ground Up Chapter 6.8 & 6.9: Precipitation, Fog & Thunderstorms Pages 147 - 154

3. Introduction Precipitation, fog and thunderstorms are weather effects that result from cloudy conditions and high humidity.Precipitation, fog and thunderstorms are weather effects that result from cloudy conditions and high humidity. Precipitation and fog can create visibility problems for aircraft. Thunderstorms can create lots of extreme weather that are dangerous to aircraft.Precipitation and fog can create visibility problems for aircraft. Thunderstorms can create lots of extreme weather that are dangerous to aircraft.

4. Outline PrecipitationPrecipitation FogFog ThunderstormsThunderstorms

5. Precipitation When water droplets (visible as a cloud) grow sufficiently in size and weight to fall due to gravity.When water droplets (visible as a cloud) grow sufficiently in size and weight to fall due to gravity. PrecipitationClouds Drizzle, freezing drizzle, snow grains Stratus, stratocumulus Snow/rain (continuous) Thick altostratus, nimbostratus Snow/rain (intermittent) Thick altostratus, stratocumulus Snow/rain showers Altocumulus, heavy cumulus, cumulonimbus Snow pellets, hail, ice pellet showers Cumulonimbus Ice pellets (continuous) Any rain cloud below freezing temperature Ice Prisms No clouds

6. Fog

7. Fog Fog is stratus cloud in contact with the groundFog is stratus cloud in contact with the ground Radiation FogRadiation Fog –Air cooled by cooling ground –Formed on clear nights, with moist air and light winds (2 – 5 kts) Advection FogAdvection Fog –Forms when warm, moist air moves over cool surface Upslope FogUpslope Fog –Caused by air moving up slope and expanding

8. Fog Steam FogSteam Fog –Cold air moves over warm water surface and picks up water vapour Precipitation-Induced Fog (AKA Frontal Fog)Precipitation-Induced Fog (AKA Frontal Fog) –Rain falling from warm air mass saturates cool air mass below Ice FogIce Fog –Forms when water vapour added to air saturated with ice crystals –Usually formed from engine exhaust

9. Thunderstorms

10. Thunderstorms A weather phenomena whose presence creates extremely serious hazards to flyingA weather phenomena whose presence creates extremely serious hazards to flying HazardsHazards –Turbulence, lightning, hail, icing, pressure, wind, rain Requirements for DevelopmentRequirements for Development –Unstable air –Lifting agent –High moisture content AvoidanceAvoidance –Stay at least 15 miles away and pass to the right –Do not fly under

11. Thunderstorms Types Air Mass ThunderstormsAir Mass Thunderstorms –Usually form on hot summer days in warm, moist air from convection –VFR weather around them, east to see and avoid Frontal ThunderstormsFrontal Thunderstorms –Normally in cold fronts –Can extend for hundreds of miles, and known as a Line Squall –Can be embedded in warm fronts

12. Thunderstorm Stages Initial or Cumulus StageInitial or Cumulus Stage –Strong updrafts –No precipitation Mature StageMature Stage –Updrafts and downdrafts –Precipitation starts Dissipating StageDissipating Stage –Downdrafts only –Precipitation ends

13. Next Lesson 4.8 – Meteorology Icing & Turbulence From the Ground Up Chapter 6.10 & 6.11: Icing & Turbulence Pages 154 - 159