1. IB DP2 Chemistry Option D: Medicines and Drugs What compounds are living organisms built from?

2. Option D: Medicines and Drugs D1 Pharmaceutical products (2 hours) D1.1 List the effects of medicines and drugs on the functioning of the body D1.2 Outline the stages involved in the research, development and testing of new pharmaceutical products. D.1.3 Describe the different methods of administering drugs. D.1.4 Discuss the terms therapeutic window, tolerance and side-effects. D2 Antacids (1 hour) D.2.1 State and explain how excess acidity in the stomach can be reduced by the use of different bases. D3 Analgesics (3 hours) D.3.1 Describe and explain the different ways that analgesics prevent pain. D.3.2 Describe the use of derivatives of salicylic acid as mild analgesics, and compare the advantages and disadvantages of using aspirin and paracetamol (acetaminophen). D.3.3 Compare the structures of morphine, codeine and diamorphine (heroin, a semi-synthetic opiate). D.3.4 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using morphine and its derivatives as strong analgesics. D4 Depressants (3 hours) D.4.1 Describe the effects of depressants. D.4.2 Discuss the social and physiological effects of the use and abuse of ethanol. D.4.3 Describe and explain the techniques used for the detection of ethanol in the breath, the blood and urine. D.4.4 Describe the synergistic effects of ethanol with other drugs. D.4.5 Identify other commonly used depressants and describe their structures. D5 Stimulants (2.5 hours) D.5.1 List the physiological effects of stimulants. D5.2 Compare amphetamines and epinephrine (adrenaline). D.5.3 Discuss the short- and long-term effects of nicotine consumption. D.5.4 Describe the effects of caffeine and compare its structure with that of nicotine. D6 Antibacterials (2 hours) D.6.1 Outline the historical development of penicillins. D.6.2 Explain how penicillins work and discuss the effects of modifying the side- chain. D.6.3 Discuss and explain the importance of patient compliance and the effect of penicillin overprescription. D7 Antivirals (1.5 hours) D.7.1 State how viruses differ from bacteria. D.7.2 Describe the different ways in which antiviral drugs work. D.7.3 Discuss the difficulties associated with solving the AIDS problem.

3. D1 Pharmaceuticals

4. Therapeutic index  therapeutic index = LD50 ED50

5. D2 Antacids

6. Digestion  2-4 litres  stomach walls secrete mucus, pepsinogen, HCl  3×10 -2 M>[H+] 3×10 -3 M  indigestion from excess acid  causes of indigestion: some drugs, some food, smoking, alcohol Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestion

7. Antacids are used to treat indigestion  neutralize excess stomach acid, preventing ulceration  examples Al(OH) 3, NaHCO 3, CaCO 3

8. Side effects of antacids  magnesium compounds  diarrhoea  aluminium compounds  constipation  carbonates and hydrogencarbonates  production of CO 2 antacids often combined with  anti-foaming agents to prevent flatulence  alginates to produce neutralizing layer on top of stomach acid

9. D3 Analgesics Can drugs stop pain?

10. Analgesics relieve pain  at site of injury- eg aspirin prevents synthesis of enzyme prostaglandin synthase  in brain- eg morphine blocks receptor sites Image: http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/inside-the- mind/human-brain/pain.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/life/inside-the- mind/human-brain/pain.htm

11. Aspirin (2-acetoxybenzoic acid) is made from salicylic acid (2-hydroxybenzoic)  aspirin hydrolysed to salicylic acid in the small intestine Images: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin

12. Aspirin  mild pain relief (eg for arthritis and rheumatism)  reduces blood clotting  side effect: may cause bleeding in the lining of the stomach  allergy Images: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin

13. Oil of wintergreen  methyl salicylate  used for topical pain relief to prevent inflammation Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_salicylatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_salicylate

14. Paracetamol  mild pain relief  fewer side effects than aspirin  relatively narrow therapeutic window Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracetamolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracetamol

15. Opiates  group of strong analgesics for severe pain  naturally occuring in opium poppy (morphine and codeine)

16. Heroin produced by diesterification of morphine Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin (Codeine is a monoesterification)

17. Heroin produced by diesterification of morphine Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin

18. D4 Stimulants

19. Stimulants: psychoactive drugs giving temporary higher alertness, wakefulness, or locomotion.  ‘uppers’  functional opposite of depressants Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant

20. Amphetamines (alpha ‑ methylphenethylamine)  in the class of phenylethylamines  sympathomimetic  related to hormone adrenaline (norepinephrine) - ‘fight or flight’  cause reuptake inhibition and release of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin  used by military to treat narcolepsy in 1940s  used as antidepressants and slimming pills in 50s and 60s phenylethylamine

21. Amphetmaine short term effects  increase in heart rate  increase in breathing rate  heightened alertness  dilation of pupils  decrease in appetite

22. Amphetamine side effects  fatigue  depression  weight loss  psychological problems

23. Methanphetamines

24. Alkaloid  nitrogen-containing compounds of plant origin  heterocyclic rings  tertiary amine group  examples morphine, codeine, cocaine, caffeine and nicotine

25. Nicotine  sympathomimetic  stimulant  short term effects: increased heart rate and blood pressure, reduction in urine output  long term effects: increased risk of heart disease and coronary thrombosis, peptic ulcers, cancer Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine

26. Caffeine  stimulant  diuretic  respiratory stimulant  increases concentration and alertness  sleeplessness

27. Primary, secondary and tertiary amines Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amine

28. D5 Depressants

29. Depressants slow down the central nervous system  lower mental activity  calmness, reduced anxiety  euphoria  induce sleep  loss of consciousness, coma and death in high doses  synergistic effects  examples: alcohol, opiates, barbituates, benzodiazepines, cannaboids

30. D6 Antibacterials

31. D7 Antivirals

32. Links  Biological molecules https://www.khanacademy.org/partner- content/crash-course1/crash-course-biology/v/crash-course- biology-103https://www.khanacademy.org/partner- content/crash-course1/crash-course-biology/v/crash-course- biology-103  Zwitterion and gel electrophoresis https://www.khanacademy.org/science/mcat/biomolecules/ami no-acids-and-proteins1/v/isoelectric-point-and-zwitterions https://www.khanacademy.org/science/mcat/biomolecules/ami no-acids-and-proteins1/v/isoelectric-point-and-zwitterions