1. Classification of Materials There are many ways to classify materials. As we go forward into materials science it is important to understand other variables that scientists use to classify solids. The goal of this lesson is for you to be able to understand these variables used for classification.

2. Learning targets Element, compounds, and mixtures Element, compounds, and mixtures Types of elements (Metals, non metals, and metalloids) Types of elements (Metals, non metals, and metalloids)

3. The Basics Matter Matter has mass and takes up space has mass and takes up space Matter is made up of atoms Matter is made up of atoms Turn to the person next to you. Turn to the person next to you. name something you can see that isn’t made of matter or energy name something you can see that isn’t made of matter or energy You have 3 minutes You have 3 minutes Atom Atom smallest particle of an element that has the properties of the element smallest particle of an element that has the properties of the element

4. Element one kind of atom one kind of atom basic building blocks basic building blocks on periodic table on periodic table make up everything make up everything over 100 over 100 represented by symbols represented by symbols examples: examples: gold (Au) gold (Au) sulfur (S) sulfur (S) zinc (Zn) zinc (Zn) chlorine (Cl) chlorine (Cl)

5. Compound 2 or more elements chemically combined 2 or more elements chemically combined properties different from elements making it up properties different from elements making it up elements combine in definite ratios elements combine in definite ratios represented by formulas represented by formulas examples: examples: water – H 2 O water – H 2 O salt – NaCl salt – NaCl carbon dioxide – CO 2 carbon dioxide – CO 2

6. Mixture 2 or more substances physically combined 2 or more substances physically combined components can retain some of their properties components can retain some of their properties mixed in any ratio mixed in any ratio no formula no formula examples: examples: salt water salt water bronze bronze kool-aid kool-aid fruit jello fruit jello brass brass

7. Types of Matter Element Element Compound Compound Mixture Mixture “nuts, bolts, and washers” activity You will find nuts bolts and washers on the table in front of you. As a table discuss how these could be used to explain the concepts of elements, mixtures and compounds. You have 5 minutes to create a group explanation. Have one student document this explanation. Then you will report out as a table group to the class. You will find nuts bolts and washers on the table in front of you. As a table discuss how these could be used to explain the concepts of elements, mixtures and compounds. You have 5 minutes to create a group explanation. Have one student document this explanation. Then you will report out as a table group to the class.

8. Types of Elements Metals Metals Nonmetals Nonmetals Metalloids (semimetals) Metalloids (semimetals)

9. Metals left side of periodic table left side of periodic table most numerous most numerous solids solids lustrous lustrous conductors conductors workable workable examples??? examples???

10. Nonmetals right side of periodic table right side of periodic table all 3 states of matter all 3 states of matter not lustrous (dull) not lustrous (dull) usually not conductors usually not conductors brittle brittle examples??? examples???

11. Metalloids (Semimetals) on border between metals and nonmetals (stair step line) on border between metals and nonmetals (stair step line) fewest # of elements fewest # of elements solids solids intermediate properties intermediate properties examples???? examples????

14. Discussion If you had a piece of some material on the table in front of you how could you identify it as a metal? If you had a piece of some material on the table in front of you how could you identify it as a metal? Work with the person sitting next to you and come up with as many ideas as possible. Work with the person sitting next to you and come up with as many ideas as possible. We will compile a list as a class and see how many we can get. We will compile a list as a class and see how many we can get.

15. Learning targets 4 states of matter 4 states of matter Organization of atoms (crystalline vs. amorphous) Organization of atoms (crystalline vs. amorphous)

16. StateSolidLiquidGas Volume Shape Packing of particles Particlemobility

17. StateSolidLiquidGas Volumedefinitedefiniteindefinite Shape particles Particlemobility

18. StateSolidLiquidGas Volumedefinitedefiniteindefinite Shapedefiniteindefiniteindefinite particles Particlemobility

19. StateSolidLiquidGas Volumedefinitedefiniteindefinite Shapedefiniteindefiniteindefinite particlestightin-betweenloose Particlemobility

20. StateSolidLiquidGas Volumedefinitedefiniteindefinite Shapedefiniteindefiniteindefinite particlestightin-betweenloose Particlemobilityleastin-betweenmost

21. States of Matter Solid Solid definite shape and volume definite shape and volume particles have least mobility – least energy particles have least mobility – least energy Liquid Liquid definite volume and indefinite shape definite volume and indefinite shape Gas Gas indefinite shape and volume indefinite shape and volume particles with most mobility – loosely packed particles with most mobility – loosely packed Plasma Plasma ionized gas – occurs at very high temps ionized gas – occurs at very high temps electrons stripped from nucleus electrons stripped from nucleus ex. sun, stars, lightning through atmosphere ex. sun, stars, lightning through atmosphere

23. Matter Phases of Matter

24. liquidsolid gas Add heat Remove heat plasma

25. Activity Everybody stand up and get to the open space Everybody stand up and get to the open space Each person will represent one atom Each person will represent one atom We are going to form all states of matter starting with solid. We are going to form all states of matter starting with solid.

26. QUIZ As you increase temperature to a new state of matter does required size always increase? As you increase temperature to a new state of matter does required size always increase? Which state of matter has a defined shape? Which state of matter has a defined shape? Which states of matter are compressible? Which states of matter are compressible?

27. Types of Structure Crystalline Crystalline orderly arrangement of particles orderly arrangement of particles repeating pattern repeating pattern predictable predictable Amorphous Amorphous random arrangement of particles random arrangement of particles no repeating pattern no repeating pattern not predictable not predictable

28. crystalline amorphous

29. Nanometer Scale Induced Structure Between Amorphous Layers and Crystalline Materials

30. CRYSTALAMORPHOUS SUBSTANCE ORDERED STRUCTURERANDOM STRUCTURE

31. Discussion Is plastic man more likely to be crystalline or amorphous? Is plastic man more likely to be crystalline or amorphous? I will ask each table for its conclusion. I will ask each table for its conclusion. Mister fantastic has the same power so you can substitute him if you like

32. MetalsCeramics/glassPolymers Type of matter Type of elements Type of structure Type of bonding

33. MetalsCeramics/glassPolymers Type of matter element or mixture compound OR mixture of compounds mostly compounds Type of elements Type of structure Type of bonding

34. MetalsCeramics/glassPolymers Type of matter element or mixture compound OR mixture of compounds mostly compounds Type of elements metallic elements metals with nonmetals OR semimetals with nonmetals nonmetals Type of structure Type of bonding

35. MetalsCeramics/glassPolymers Type of matter element or mixture compound OR mixture of compounds mostly compounds Type of elements metallic elements metals with nonmetals OR semimetals with nonmetals nonmetals Type of structure crystalline ceramics = crystalline glass = amorphous mostly amorphous with some regions of crystallinity Type of bonding

36. MetalsCeramics/glassPolymers Type of matter element or mixture Compound OR mixture of compounds mostly compounds Type of elements metallic elements metals with nonmetals OR semimetals with nonmetals nonmetals Type of structure crystalline ceramics = crystalline glass = amorphous mostly amorphous with some regions of crystallinity Type of bonding metallicbonding ionic bonding and network covalent bonding covalent bonding and weak intermolecular forces

37. Any visible lump of matter even the merest speck--- contains more atoms than there are stars in the galaxy. Each type of atom brings a particular quality to every substance of which it is a part, and although atoms are so small, their colossal number in any tangible sample results in our perception of their properties. When we lift an apple we feel the weight of a galaxy of almost weightless atoms. When we hear the ripple of water we are hearing shockwaves as a myriad of almost imperceptible molecules crash down and collide with other molecules. When we dress we pull across our bodies a great web spun from almost infinitesimal dots and held together by the conspiracy of forces between them. When we see a flame we are seeing the release of an almost negligible droplet of energy, but in such a Niagara that the heat sears and consumes. Molecules P. W. Atkins ISBN 0-7167-5019-8 23 - S

38. Matter

39. Types of Bonding Type of bonding MetallicIonicCovalentIntermolecular Forces Type of elements involved Between MetalsBetween Metals and Nonmetals Between Nonmetals Between Molecules Givers & or takers of electrons Between giversBetween givers and takers Between takers Description Valence e- roam freely between many atoms. Sea of electrons Transfer e- Makes (+) and (-) ions that are attracted to each other Share e- Forms discrete molecules Hold covalently bonded molecules together as a solid Type of material formed Solid metals and alloys Ceramics and glassPolymers and some ceramics/glasses Helps form solid polymers Strength of bond Relatively strongVery strong Weak Properties produced Good conductors, workable, corrode easily Brittle, hard, high melt temps, nonconductors as solids, don’t corrode Insulators, don’t corrode Help determine a lot of properties of covalent compounds (polymers)

40. Metals