1. Wake-up 1.How many moles of NaCl are there is 12 L of 2 M solution? 2.What mass (in grams) of NaCl would be contained in #1?

3. Solutions II Mole Fraction, Dilution Solubility

4. Molarity and Molality Summary Table MolarityMolality Symbol Equation Units Mm Mol of solute Liters of solution Mol of solute Kilogram of solution mol L mol kg

5. Mole Fraction (  ) Ratio of the number of moles of a solute to the total number of moles in a solution What is the ratio of yellow fish to the total number of fish? 2929 2:9

6. Mole Fraction Equation

7. Example #1 1.20 g C 2 H 5 OH 50 g C 2 H 5 OH 1 mol C 2 H 5 OH = 0.024 mol C 2 H 5 OH (0.024 mol C 2 H 5 OH + 0.93 mol H 2 O) = 0.025 mol Calculate the mole fraction of ethanol, C 2 H 5 OH, in a solution prepared by dissolving 1.20 g of ethanol in 16.8 g of water. 16.8 g H 2 O 18 g H 2 O 1 mol H 2 O = 0.93 mol H 2 O

8. Example #2 What is the mole fraction of xenon in a mixture that contains 0.584 g of xenon 86.40 g of argon and 3.62 g of neon ?

9. Review Solution Terms The amount of solute changes depending on solution

10. Concentration Amount of solute in a solution

11. ConcentratedDilute Large amount of solute in a solution Small amount of solute in a solution Dilute Concentrated

12. You order SWEET tea on a hot day. It arrives and you take a giant gulp. YUCK! They served you unsweet and the waiter is nowhere in sight. Sugar packets are on the table. Do you dare? Why or why not?

13. Three conditions of solution equilibrium Unsaturated: contains LESS solute than a saturated solution

14. Three conditions of solution equilibrium Saturated: contains the MAXIUMUM amount of dissolved solute at specified temp

15. Three conditions of solution equilibrium Super saturated: contains MORE dissolved solute than a saturated solution

16. Example of Supersaturated - Carbonated water is supersaturated with carbon dioxide - Air can be supersaturated with water forming clouds/precipitation -Hand Warmers use supersaturated sodium acetate. (Hand Warmers in Action)Hand Warmers in Action

17. Supersaturated solutions in Nature Normal ocean water has a salt level of 30 percent. Some environments containing 10 times the salt of the ocean; Salt precipitates out

18. Supersaturated Solutions in Nature? The Great Salt Lake, Utah

19. Halophiles can be found in: The Dead Sea

20. Where is the Dead Sea?

21. Many people travel to the Dead Sea to swim in the salt and cover themselves with its mud….it is thought to heal

22. It is also VERY buoyant!!!

23. Video-Start 2:02

24. Dilutions 13 What’s the only difference? How many solute parts?

25. Dilution The process of reducing the concentration of a solute in solution by adding more solvent

26. Dilution Equation M = Molarity and V = Volume

27. Example #1 To what volume must 1.0 L of a 6.0 M solution of HCl be diluted in order to prepare a 0.2 M solution? M 1 V 1 = M 2 V 2 M 1 = 6.0 M V 1 = 1.0 L M 2 = 0.2 M V 2 = ? (0.1 L)(6.0 M) = (0.2 M)(V 2 ) V 2 = 30 L

28. Example #2 What volume of 16 M sulfuric acid must be used to prepare 1.5 L of a 0.10 M sulfuric acid solution?

29. Kool-Aid Lab You have 20 minutes to work on lab Any work that is not completed, should be finished over the weekend

30. Solubility The amount of solute required to form a saturated solution with a specific amount of solvent at a specified temperature. (grams of solute per 100 grams of solvent)

31. Solubility depends…. 1.Nature of the solute and solvent 2.Temperature: Must be specified 3.Pressure (for gases): Must be specified

32. Solubility Curves A graph showing the relationship between solubility and temperature. Line represents saturated solution. Above line - supersaturated; Below the line - unsaturated

34. Practice with Solubility Curves