1. Agendas, Alternatives & Public Policy (J. Kingdon) Outside Govt. Participants (1) Special interest groups (2) Members of the Media (3) Researchers, academics,

2. Agendas, Alternatives & Public Policy (J. Kingdon) (3) cont. – consultants & political parties. Note: Outside participants have special resources available to them, such as Letter campaigns, publicity, and expertise.

3. Agendas, Alternatives & Public Policy (J. Kingdon) Inside Govt. Participants (1) The Administration (President & staff) (2) Members of Congress (435 different agendas)

4. Agendas, Alternatives & Public Policy (J. Kingdon) (3) Civil Servants = Permanent staff, career public service bureaucrats. Each may have alternative agendas. Note: Inside participants also have special resources available to them. Veto power, “the power of the purse.”