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Unit 1: Psychology’s History and Approaches. What is Psychology?

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1 Unit 1: Psychology’s History and Approaches

2 What is Psychology?

3 Prescientific Psychology Ancient Greeks –Socrates –Plato –Aristotle

4 Prescientific Psychology Rene Descartes Francis Bacon John Locke –Tabula Rasa (blank slate) Empiricism

5 = the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation. Lets make this easy….its SCIENCE

6 Psychological Science is Born Wilhelm Wundt (Father od Psychology) –University of Leipzig (1 st psych lab) –Reaction time experiment

7 Structuralism = an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind.

8 Edward Titchener –StructuralismStructuralism Introspection – Everything you sense

9 William James –Wrote 1 st Psychology Textbook -Functionalism (next slide) –Mary Calkins Screwed out of her degree –Margaret Floy Washburn 1 st Woman to receive Ph.D.

10 Functionalism = a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function – how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.

11 Experimental Psychology = the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method.

12 Psychological Science Develops Sigmund Freud –Psychoanalysis

13 Behaviorism = the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

14 Behaviorism –Ivan Pavlov –John B. Watson –B.F. Skinner –“study of observable behavior”

15 Humanistic Psychology = historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual’s potential for personal growth.

16 Humanistic psychology –Carl Rogers –Abraham Maslow

17 Cognitive Neuroscience = the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).

18 Psychology is a scientific study of mental processes and behaviors.Psychology

19 Phrenology is a pseudoscience focused on measurements of the human skull, based on the concept that the brain is the organ of the mind, and that certain brain areas have localized, specific functions or modules. Franz Joseph Gall

20 Contemporary Psychology

21 Nature-Nurture Issue = the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.

22 Psychology’s Biggest Question Nature – Nurture Issue –Biology versus experience –History Greeks Rene Descartes Charles Darwin –Natural selectionNatural selection

23 Natural Selection = the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.

24 Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis –Biological factors –Psychological factors –Social-cultural factors All guide behavior Biopsychosocial Approach

25 Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis

26 7 Psychological Approaches/7 Perspectives/7 Schools of Thought (All the same thing) Biological psychology Evolutionary psychology Psychodynamic psychology Behavioral psychology Cognitive psychology Humanistic psychology Social-cultural psychology

27 Biological Psychology = a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes.

28 Evolutionary Psychology = the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection.

29 Psychodynamic Psychology = a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders.

30 Behavioral Psychology = the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning.

31 Cognitive Psychology = the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

32 Social-Cultural Psychology = the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.

33 Psychological Approaches/Perspectives

34

35 Psychology’s Subfields Psychometrics Basic Research –Developmental psychologyDevelopmental psychology –Educational psychologyEducational psychology –Personality psychologyPersonality psychology –Social psychologySocial psychology

36 Psychometrics = the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits.

37 Basic Research = pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.

38 Developmental Psychology = the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.

39 Educational Psychology = the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning.

40 Personality Psychology = the study of an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

41 Social Psychology = the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

42 Psychology’s Subfields Applied Research –Industrial/organizational psychologyIndustrial/organizational psychology –Human factors psychologyHuman factors psychology –Counseling psychologyCounseling psychology –Clinical psychologyClinical psychology –PsychiatryPsychiatry

43 Applied Research = scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.

44 Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psychology = the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.

45 Human Factors Psychology = the study of how people and machines interact resulting in the design of machines and environments.

46 Counseling Psychology = a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, and marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.

47 Clinical Psychology = a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.

48 Psychiatry = a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.

49 Clinical Psychologist Has a Doctorate in Psychology (Ph.D) Treats and assesses mental illness Can NOT prescribe medication Provides therapy

50 Psychiatrists Have a medical degree (M.D.) Can prescribe medication

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