1. Asexual & Sexual REPRODUCTION

2. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Requires 1 parent
Offspring genetically identical to parent (clones = exact copies)

3. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Advantages Disadvantages No need for a mate
Takes less time and energy
Reliable = fewer steps
Produces large numbers of offspring very quickly
In stable environments with very little change, well-adapted organisms can spread & colonize quickly
Tends to require less parental care
Very little genetic variation in a population
Harmful mutation in parent will be passed on to all offspring
Entire population of genetically-identical organisms can go extinct if there is a change in the environment

4. Process of BINARY FISSION- “one cell into two”
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
PROKARYOTES
Process of BINARY FISSION- “one cell into two”

5. UNICELLULAR EUKARYOTES
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
UNICELLULAR EUKARYOTES
Most protists (amoeba) and fungi (yeast)
Process of MITOSIS: division of nucleus & then CYTOKENESIS: division of cell

6. MULTICELLULAR EUKARYOTES: ANIMALS
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
MULTICELLULAR EUKARYOTES: ANIMALS
REGENERATION: Replacement of all or part of an organism. Examples: planarians & starfish
BUDDING: Growth of a new organism off of another. Examples: hydra & corals

7. MULTICELLULAR EUKARYOTES: ANIMALS
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
MULTICELLULAR EUKARYOTES: ANIMALS
PARTHENOGENESIS: Production of offspring by females without fertilization by a male
All offspring are female
Occurs naturally in some worms, insects & reptiles
unfertilized egg  male drone

8. MULTICELLULAR EUKARYOTES: PLANTS
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
MULTICELLULAR EUKARYOTES: PLANTS
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION: Production of a new plant from an existing plant or part of a plant
cuttings
runners
bulbs
grafts
buds
tubers

9. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Requires 2 parents
Fusion of gametes from both parents creates a zygote
GAMETE: specialized reproductive cell produced through MEIOSIS (special type of cell division)
Offspring have unique combination of DNA from both parents
Increases genetic variability among offspring

10. 5 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Advantages Disadvantages
Each offspring is unique
More genetic variation within a population
Population able to adapt to changes in the environment (recall natural selection)
Increased diversity improves chance that some offspring will survive to reproduce
Time & energy to find a mate
Fewer offspring
More time to develop offspring
Tends to require more parental care

11. SIMPLEST FORM OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
SIMPLE ORGANISMS
CONJUGATION: Temporary union of two single cells with at least one of them receiving genetic material from the other
SIMPLEST FORM OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Protista: paramecia bacteria Fungi: molds

12. DIFFERENT SEXES SEXUAL REPRODUCTION MALE FEMALE SPERMATOZOA OVA (EGG)
GAMETES are identified as distinctly MALE or FEMALE
Separate sex chromosome Y (MALE) or X (FEMALE)
Gametes are produced in separate organisms
Most advanced form of sexual reproduction
MALE FEMALE
SPERMATOZOA OVA (EGG)

13. EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION
External fertilization usually requires a medium such as water which the sperm can use to swim towards the eggs.
External fertilization usually occurs in aquatic invertebrates, fish, and amphibians.

14. INTERNAL FERTILIZATION
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
INTERNAL FERTILIZATION
Fertilization occurs inside the female
Internal fertilization occurs in mammals, insects, birds, reptiles
Mammals (gorillas, lions, elephants, rats, zebras, and dolphins have live births)
Insects, birds, reptiles lay eggs

15. HERMAPHRODITES SEXUAL REPRODUCTION HERMAPHRODITIC organisms
Male/female gametes produced within same organism
flower pine earthworms

16. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION in Flowering Plants
Pollen is produced in the anthers (male organs). Pollination occurs when pollen is transferred from the anthers to the stigma (female organs) by wind or by animals. If the stigma is receptive to a pollen grain, the pollen produces a pollen tube, which grows through the female tissue to the egg where fertilization takes place by the sperm nucleus.