1. ELAINE N. MARIEB EIGHTH EDITION 5 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY PART A The Skeletal System

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings I. Bones Know pages 140 141 fig. 5.7 149

3. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

6. 1) The skeleton is divided into the a) Axial: form axis of body b) Appendicular: bones of the limbs and girdles 2) The skeletal system includes joint, cartilage and ligaments 3) Functions of the bone: a) Support b) Protection

7. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings c) Movement: c) Storage: d) Hematopoiesis: blood cell formation 4) Classification of bone: a) Adult skeletons are composed of 206 bones b) Basic types of bone tissue include compact & spongy

8. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings c) Based on shape bones are classified as: long, short, flat, sesamoid and irregular

9. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 5) Structure of the long bone: (fig 5.2) 6) Epiphyseal line: remnant of the epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

10. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 7) Medullary cavity: 1. Red marrow: produces blood cells (mostly infants) 2. Yellow marrow: stores fat cells 8) Bone markings Table 5.1 page 134 9) Calcium salts in the matrix make the bones hard 10) Microscopic anatomy:

11. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Figure 5.3

12. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 11) Formation and growth a) Embryo skeletons consist of cartilage and membranes b) Ossification: The process removing cartilage and replacing it with bone c) Osteoblast, octeoclast & osteocytes d) Appositional growth: process removing inner bone, while building outer layers of bone

13. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Long Bone Formation and Growth Figure 5.4a

14. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Long Bone Formation and Growth Figure 5.4b

15. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Common Types of Fractures Table 5.2

16. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 12) Bone fractures are repaired in 4 steps a) Hematoma forms b) Fibrocartilage callus forms c) Bony callus is formed d) Bone is remodeled

17. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings II. Axial Skeleton 1) Skull (page 141-142): a) Cranium: enclosed the brain b) Facial bones: forms face *c) Mandible: only movable bone of the skull 2) Hyoid: *a) Only bone not connected to another bone b) Located about 2 cm above the larynx

18. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings *c) Functions as an attachment for the tongue and muscle moving the larynx

19. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings *3) Fetal skull a) Face is small compared to the cranium b) Large compared to the body c) Fontanel: consists of membrane and scalp allowing for birth and brain growth

20. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 4) Vertebral column: a) Consist of 26 irregular bones, that surrounds the spinal cord b) Intervertebral disc: padding between vertebrae c) Parts

21. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 5) Thorax: a) Sternum: 1. Consists of the manubrium, body and xiphoid process 2. Good place for hematopoietic tissue samples b) Ribs: *1. 12 pairs 2. Types of ribs

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23. III. Appendicular Skeleton 1) Shoulder *a) Clavicle: collarbone *b) Scapulae: shoulder blade 2) Upper limb: a) Arm: humerus b) Forearm: ulna and radius c) Wrist: carpals d) Hand: Metacarpals e) Fingers: Phalanges

24. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 3) Pelvic girdle: *a) Ossa coxae(hip bones): Ilium, ischium and pubis b) Sacrum and coccyx form the rest of the girdle *c) Males have a heavier, deeper pelvic girdle with a V shaped pubic arch *d) Females: have a lighter, shallower pelvic girdle with a U shaped pubic arch

25. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Pelvis Figure 5.23a

26. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gender Differences of the Pelvis Figure 5.23c

27. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 4) Lower limb a) Thigh: femur b) Leg: tibia and fibula c) Ankle: Tarsals d) Foot: Metatarsals e) Toes: phalanges *f) Weight is carried by two tarsal bones: calcaneus and talus

28. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings IV. Joints 1) Function to hold bones together and give the skeleton mobility *2) Functions classification (amount of movement) a) Synarthroses: Immovable b) Amphiarthroses: slightly moveable c) Diarthroses: free moving

29. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings *3) Structural classification a) Fibrous: held together by fibrous tissue b) Cartilaginous: Connected by cartilage and slightly moveable c) Synovial: 4 characteristics 1. Articular cartilage 2. Fibrous articular capsule 3. Joint cavity 4. Reinforcing ligament

30. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fibrous Cartilage Synovial

31. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 4) Bursae & Tendon sheath: 6) Types of synovial joints (page 166:

32. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape Figure 5.29a–c