2. Cellular Processes Part 2 How are Cells Powered?

3. Autotrophs Heterotrophs

4. How are Cells Powered? Cells are powered by ATP Adenosine triphosphate A molecule used by the cell to power cellular activities

5. The chemical energy is stored in the phosphate bonds When a bond is broken energy is released Fully charged is ATP Partially charged is ADP ("diphosphate")

6. ADPATP Energy Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Partially charged battery Fully charged battery Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery

7. An Overview of Photosynthesis A process in which light energy is used to produce high energy sugars

8. An Overview of Photosynthesis The word equation for photosynthesis = Water + Carbon Dioxide sunlight > Oxygen +Sugar

9. An Overview of Photosynthesis The word equation for photosynthesis = Carbon Dioxide + Water sunlight > Sugar + Oxygen 6CO 2 + 6 H 2 O sunlight > C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

10. An Overview of Photosynthesis The word equation for photosynthesis = Carbon Dioxide + Water sunlight > Sugar + Oxygen 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O sunlight > C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Reactants --------------  Products

11. Role of Sunlight Light is universal energy for all living things Sunlight is "white" light or a mixture of different wavelengths of light Some is visible to your eyes and is known as the visible spectrum

12. Electromagnetic Spectrum (Visible Portion) Light travels in packets of energy called photons The wavelength of a photon is related to its energy. High energy photons travel at short wavelengths, low energy photons travel at long wavelengths.

13. Light Trapping Pigments Pigments are molecules that absorb light energy at various wavelengths Plants contain two main pigments that absorb energy: Chlorophyll and Carotenoids These pigments are located in the chloroplasts.

15. Chlorophyll pigments absorb light in the red and blue regions of the spectrum Green wavelengths are reflected

16. Chloroplast Location Chloroplasts are located in the leaves of plants. It is the chlorophyll which gives plants a green color.

17. Plant and Animal Interrelationships Lab DO = Dissolved Oxygen Measured in mg/L or ppm PPM= parts per million 7.5 PPM= 7.5 parts O 2 for every million parts of water

18. Plant and Animal Interrelationships Lab CO 2 concentration = pH

19. Chloroplast Structure Inside the chloroplast: Thylakoid membrane (location of chlorophyll pigment-or light absorbing chemical) Stroma-cytoplasm-like material inside the chloroplast

20. Electron Micrograph of a Chloloplast Granum Stroma

22. Phases of Photosynthesis

23. The Light Reactions In step one, the light reactions, energy is captured from sunlight Occurs in thylakoid

24. Then…… In step two, sunlight is converted into chemical energy. Water is broken down, Oxygen is released This chemical energy is stored in the bonds of ATP and NADPH ATP P PP

26. The Calvin Cycle ( or Dark Reactions) In this stage, the energy (ATP and NADPH) formed in step two is used to assemble glucose molecules Carbon Dioxide is used, and glucose is released

27. Guard cells in the leaf CO 2 diffuses into leaf cell through stoma (opening)

28. In the Stroma…

29. Summary - Phases of photosynthesis Energy is captured from sunlight – Location: Thylakoid Sunlight energy is converted into ATP and stored in NADPH – Location: Thylakoid ATP and NADPH are used to make carbohydrate molecules (glucose) – Location: Stroma

34. Light Reactions

35. Calvin Cycle

38. Cellular Respiration (if Oxygen is present) Breaking down of food molecules to release energy All eukaryotic cells use cellular respiration to provide energy for cell processes (Plants, Animals, Fungus, Protista) C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ATP

39. Mitochondria Cristae Inner membrane Outer membrane Inner membrane space (matrix)

40. Step 1 Glucose is broken in half, producing ATP. Occurs in the cell’s cytoplasm. Glycolysis GLUCOSE Mitochondrion cytoplasm

41. Step 2 Glucose is completely broken down Some ATP and NADH are produced Carbon dioxide is released as by- product Occurs in mitochondria Citric Acid Cycle

42. Step 3 H 2 O is released and LOTS of ATP is made. Occurs in inner membrane of mitochondria Electron Transport Chain

43. 3 Steps of Cellular Respiration Each step is very complex If cellular respiration happened in one step all the energy would be released at once in the form of light or heat If it is broken down slowly, one step at a time, more energy can be captured, and stored in ATP.

44. Tuesday Last Day for Bonus Go over diagrams/HW in packet Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Quiz HW: Due Thursday 12-1 Read and Notes (no guided notes)

46. CO 2 = pH

49. What if oxygen is not present for cellular respiration? 2 other possible pathways can occur: Both are anaerobic (with out oxygen) – Alcoholic Fermentation – Lactic Acid Fermentation

50. Alcoholic Fermentation -Yeast and a few bacteria break down sugar into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide - for example: bread and beer are both created using this process

51. Lactic Acid Fermentation During rapid exercise the body cannot supply enough oxygen to the tissues. Sugar is broken down to make ATP and lactic acid Build up of lactic acid causes soreness in muscles

52. Free the snails! See me if you want to have some snails at home