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Biotech Time Line A selection of highlights
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Biotech Time Line Humans domesticate crops and livestock 4000 BC
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Biotech Time Line 1660s Antoine van Leewenhoek discovers the microscope. Allows us to see the microscopic world, including bacteria.
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Biotech Time Line 1797 Edward Jenner innoculates a child with viral vaccine against small pox.
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Biotech Time Line 1857 Louis Pasteur proposes microbes cause fermentation.
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Biotech Time Line 1865 An Austrian monk named Gregor Mendel begins his study of genetics while cross- breeding pea plants Father of Genetics
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Biotech Time Line 1869 Johann Friedrich Miescher isolated and analyzed DNA as a macromolecule for the first time.
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Biotech Time Line 1917 Karl Erecky first uses the term biotechnology in a book he publishes in Germany where he discusses converting raw materials into more use products.
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Biotech Time Line 1943 Penicillin is mass-produced by Andrew Moyer just in time to help thousands of injured soldiers Sir Alexander Fleming is credited with its discovery in 1928.
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Biotech Time Line 1944 Oswald Avery, along with MacLeod and McCarty, proves that genes and chromosomes are made of DNA
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Biotech Time Line 1953 Watson and Crick publish the structure of DNA in the journal Nature. They received the Nobel Prize in Medicine along with Wilkins and Franklin
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Biotech Time Line 1966 Marshall Nirenburg, along with Khorana and Holley, demonstrated the sequences of three bases (codons) on DNA determine each of the 20 amino acids Nobel prize
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Biotech Time Line 1970 Restriction enzymes that cut genetic material and paste them together was discovered.
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Biotech Time Line 1973 Cohen and Boyer create the first recombinant DNA technology that allows scientists to splice DNA from one organism into another
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Biotech Time Line 1975 Kohler and Milstein produce monoclonal antibodies by fusing the specific antibody- producing plasma cells with a tumor cell Made way for a very effective diagnostic and therapeutic tool
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Biotech Time Line 1978 California company, Genetech, is first company to produce a recombinant drug (insulin)
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Biotech Time Line 1980 Diamond vs Chakrabarty Supreme Court Case ruled that genetically altered life can be patented by the one who altered it.
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Biotech Time Line 1983 Kary Mullis creates the Polymerase Chain Reaction as a tool for amplifying, or copying, DNA in vitro.
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Biotech Time Line 1984 Sir Alec Jeffreys develops the tool of DNA typing, also known as DNA fingerprinting Major tool used in forensics
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Biotech Time Line 1986 First recombinant vaccine for humans was produced for hepatitis
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Biotech Time Line 1997 Ian Wilmut successfully cloned the first mammal, a sheep named Dolly
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Biotech Time Line 1998 First human embryonic stem cell lines were produced
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Biotech Time Line 2003 Human Genome Project was completed. Started in 1990 with the task of sequencing every gene in the human cell. Found the sequence of over 24,000 genes.
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Biotech Time Line 2007 Dr. Anthony Atala of WFIRM announces the discovery of stem cells found in amniotic fluid
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Biotech Time Line 2008 Armed Forces Institute of Regenerative Medicine is formed to research regenerative medicine technology that can be used to treat injured soldiers
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Biotech Time Line 2010 First synthetic cell is created by the labs of Craig Ventor, a major player in the Human Genome Project
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Biotech Time Line 2011 A Federal Court of Appeals upheld the rights of science companies to hold patents on genes that they have sequenced
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