1. WIND ERROSION

2. Wind Errosion HASEEB ZAHID Mahies 2008-ag-1708 Semester: 7 th Dept:AGRONOMY

3. WIND ERROSION  Detachment, transportation, and deposition of loose topsoil or sand by the action of wind  In one, the sediments are carried by the wind and are usually fairly small. In the other, the sediments are carried by moving water and the sediment size can be quite divers  Wind erosion is very selective, carrying the finest particles - particularly organic matter, clay and loam - many kilometers.

4. Factor effecting wind erosion Aridity of climate. Wind erosion can also take place in high-rainfall climates when certain months of the year are particularly dry.It tends to be slight in barani areas however, except where rainfall is less than 600 mm. Soil texture. Loamy sand, rich in particles between 10 and 100 microns in size, is the most vulnerable soil (More clayey soil is much stickier, better- structure}. Soil structure. The less structure-improving matter a soil has on the surface (organic matter, iron and free aluminum, lime), the more fragile State of the soil surface. If the soil surface is stony, forming a the risks of wind erosion are lower - Vegetation. Stubble and crop residues in the soil cut wind-speed at ground level. Soil moisture increases cohesion of sand and loam, temporarily preventing their erosion by wind. 2008-ag-1708

5. Soil Surface Roughness Soil surfaces that are not rough or ridged offer little resistance to the wind. Light mineral soils (sandy soils) or soils containing dry aggregates that are under 0.5 mm in diameter are also vulnerable to wind erosion, as are soils with a humid surface layer Lack of ridges 2008-ag-1708

6. CAUSES OF WIND ERROSION Erosion occurs with strong, turbulent winds blowing across a soil surface that is smooth, loose, dry and finely granulated Removal of crop residue for feed, by tillage operations, or by burning can lead to serious wind erosion in problem areas. Marginal cropland areas that produce little residue in low rainfall regions contribute to conditions ideal for wind erosion. 2008-ag-1708

7. DROUGHT POOR FARMING PRACTICES (over tillage) POOR PLANNING BURNING OVER USE OF HERBICIDES Loss of vegetation CAUSES OF WIND ERROSION 2008-ag-1708

8. TYPES OF WIND ERROSION Saltation:bouncing of particle : (0.004-0.02 inch) Surface Creeping: (0.02-0.04 inch)particles Suspension: (0.004 inch)particles 2008-ag-1708

9. IMPACTS OF WIND ERROSION Loss of crop production. Loss of property value. Loss of nutrients. loss of aesthetic value of agricultural lands. 2008-ag-1708

10. WIND EROSION SUSCEPTIBILITY The drier the soil and the higher the concentration of fine sand, the greater its susceptibility to wind erosion. Heavy clay soils may also be affected during very dry conditions if the structure has been damaged by stock, traffic or excessive cultivation. 2008-ag-1708

11. Prevention of wind errosion Emergency tillage - Emergency tillage provides a roughened, cloddy surface resistant to wind erosion. Surface roughness reduces the wind velocity. Ridges should be formed at right angles to prevailing winds. Chisels are the most common tool used to roughen the soil and bring clods to the surface. In growing wheat, 2- inch chisels spaced 3 feet apart and operated 4 to 6 inches deep will usually bring sufficient clods to the surface to reduce wind erosion. 2008-ag-1708

12. Prevention of wind errosion Covering soil with manure or straw Manure is preferred as a soil cover because it also enhances soil fertility and tilth. Avoid overgrazing Minimum Tillage If you do till, choose a tillage implement that buries less residue 2008-ag-1708

13. Shelterbelts Creating shelterbelts along the border of field can provide extra protection against wind erosion no matter what cropping system is used. 2008-ag-1708

14. Increasing surface roughness A rougher surface reduces wind speed at the soil surface so the wind is less able to move soil particles. 2008-ag-1708

15. Controlling vegetative cover Vegetative cover is one of the keys to effective erosion control. Vegetation include growing of grass and leguminous crop. 2008-ag-1708

16. Contour and Strip Cropping Contour strip cropping will reduce soil losses even further. Strip cropping, ideally, involves alternating strips of forage and a row crop on the contour. 2008-ag-1708

17. Mulching Mulching consists of the application of plant residues or other suitable materials to the soil surface. Mulching reduces erosion potential by protecting the exposed soil surface from direct impact by wind 2008-ag-1708

18. CROP ROTATION. CROP ROTAION INCLUDES LEGUMES AND GRASS WHICH OFTEN INCREASE SOIL AGGREGATION MINIMIZE ERROSION. 2008-ag-1708

19. FOR LISTING ME 2008-ag-1708