1. Native People in Canada
This lesson is about Native People in Canada.
Native People in Canada

2. What do you know about Native People in Canada?
Write/draw this on your worksheet in the box at the top of page 1.

3. Canada
Later we will talk more about Aboriginal People and then we’ll see if your knowledge was right.
First I want you to do something else.

4. Canada Nederland Here you can see where Canada is.
Everybody gets a part of Canada and together we have to lay down this map in the right way.
For this activity we need the tiled map you can find via the link on the slide. Print out the map.
Tiled map:

5. All the things you know about Native people will be partly true
All the things you know about Native people will be partly true. Now I want to show you a bit more about Native People in Canada.
The ancestors of all North American First Nations people probably crossed over on foot to North America from Asia at the end of the last ice age, about 12,000 years ago.

6. - arctic Quebeck/Labrador Mikmaq New Foundland/ Saskatchewan
2. Assiniboine
-Manitoba/
3. Innu
- arctic Quebeck/Labrador
Mikmaq
New Foundland/
Saskatchewan
4. Tinglit
West Coast
Here you can see different Peoples:
The Mikmaq come from New Foundland and Saskatchewan.
The Assiniboine come from Manitoba.
The Innu come from Quebeck and Labrador. We call Innu Eskimos, but that is a wrong word. And this lady looks quite different than we are used to in our typical images, isn’t it?
Then you see the Tinglit and the Haida from the Westcoast. And as last you can see a Cree man. They come from Alberta and Quebeck.
As you can see here The Assiniboine and the Cree are the only Peoples who look like our old typical images of Indians, which is also a wrong word.
If you are in class: Divide the class in 6 groups. Every group takes a People and looks up on the map where they come from.
Show this to your class when everybody is done.
5. Haida
West Coast
6. Cree
Alberta - Quebeck

7. Aboriginal Peoples How many are there? 0-10 10-25 25-50 left middle
right
How many different Aboriginal Peoples live in Canada?
If you are in a class:
go to the left side of the classroom if you think there are 0 to 10 Aboriginal Peoples.
Stand in the middle of the classroom if you think there are 10 to 25
And go to right side if you think there are 25 to 50 Aboriginal Peoples.
The answer is about 50.

8. Indians Eskimos Indians Eskimos
We used to talk about Indians and Eskimos.
But these are wrong words and are felt as insulting words.
Indians
Eskimos

9. Aboriginal / Native people
First Nations
Métis
Inuit
So if we talk about The Peoples who lived as first in Canada, we talk about Aboriginal or Native People. That is the whole bump of it.
You can divide this in First Nations, which we called Indians before. The second group is the Inuit, which we called Eskimo before. And the third group is the Méti, which is French for mixed. These people are children of mixed marriages between First Nations and European settlers.

10. On which continent is Canada situated? a. Europe b. Africa c. Asia
Questions:
On which continent is Canada situated?
a. Europe
b. Africa
c. Asia
d. North America
How did the first people travel to Canada?
a. By boat
b. on foot
c. by horse
c. by plane
Which word is wrong to use:
a. Native people
b. First Nations
c. Indians
d. Inuit
Here are some questions about the tekst of the first 9 slides.
Write the answer on your worksheet.

11. Cultural areas Inuit West Coast People Subarctic People Plateau People
Plains People
You can divide the nations roughly over these 7 areas.
In each area live nations, sometimes rather peaceful, but clashes and wars could take place as well.
Most First Nations of Canada lived mainly from hunting and fishing. They moved their camps from season to season to specific places and areas where they knew there would be food. In one season, they would hunt large animals; in another they would fish; in the fall they would gather berries, and so on.
The only farming people were the Iroquois and Hurons, and related tribes, in what is now southern Ontario.
Firstly we take a closer look at the Westcoast People. Secondly at Eastern Woodland Farmers and lastly we take a look in Inuit Society as it was in early days.
Eastern Woodland Hunters
Eastern Woodland Farmers

12. Westcoast People Tlingit Haida Salish
Here you see different West Coast Peoples: The Tlingit, The Salish and the Haida.

13. These people lived in permanent homes of cedar.
Tribe or Clan symbols were painted on the front for decoration.
Also totem poles were placed in front of these homes to tell the story of the tribe who lived there.

14. Fish (Salmon,Halibut, Smelt) Crab and other Shellfish Seaweed Whales
Clams, Oysters, Mussels
Other animals (sea otters, seals, turtles)
Oils
The people of the Northwest Coast were hunter-gatherers.
The Pacific Ocean was the main source of food for the people.
Since there was plenty of food available to them, they never needed to develop a system of agriculture to sustain their people.
Black-tailed deer
Elk
Mountain goat
Bear

15. Shamans
The people of the Northwest believed that they were surrounded, at all times, by supernatural beings interfering with the natural world. All living things were connected to Spirits.
The only link between the spirit world and the natural world was the 'Shamans'
Both men and women could have been Shamans.
It was a Shaman's job to cure the sick, to ensure that there was adequate food, and to influence the weather with the help of the Spirit World.

16. Potlatch
A 'Potlatch' is a ceremony to celebrate a person's change in social status, for example, marriage, birth, death, and coming of age.
It included a feast, singing and costumed dancers, and some potlatches lasted as long as two to three weeks.
Each person invited to a Potlatch received gifts.

17. Social structure
The Northwest Coast people never developed a democracy. Instead, their society was ruled by wealth. The clan with most wealth had the most power.
Their society included different classes: nobles, commoners, and slaves (acquired through War or purchase).
The Chief of the most powerful family also became the village Chief.
Clan membership was always inherited through the mother's side of the family.
One thing that set the Northwest Coast people apart from other First Peoples groups was their recognized ownership of land and property. Families claimed sites for fishing and gathering, and owned land.

18. 14. Which words don’t fit in with Westcoast People?
Write them on your worksheet:
a. wooden house
b. tipi
c. chief
d. potlach
e. shaman
f. slaves
g. doctor
h. ownership of land or houses
i. totempole
j. democratic
14. Which words don’t fit in with Westcoast People?
Write them on your worksheet:
a. wooden house
b. tipi
c. chief
d. potlach
e. shaman
f. slaves
g. doctor
h. ownership of land or houses
i. totempole
j. democratic

19. Eastern Woodland Farmers
Inuit
West Coast
People
Subarctic People
Let’s see to another people: The Iroquois or Eastern Woodland Farmers who live in this area.
Plateau
People
Plains People
Eastern Woodland Hunters
Eastern Woodland Farmers

20. Iroquois
/ˈɪrəkwɔɪ/
The Iroquois were divided by three tribes: The Huron, the Neutral and the Petun.
This circle represents Six Nations Iroquois: Tree of Peace/Life emblem with circle of chiefs, and animal clan symbols of Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Mohawk, and Tuscarora.
They are the only Nations who are farmers.
Maybe you heard about Mohawks and Huron before. Now you know that they belong to the Iroquois.

21. The Crop fields were cleared by slashing and burning the trees, after which they could grow the three sisters: Corn, Bean and Squash.
Women managed the fields and stored food for later use.
Besides their own crops they gathered and ate also berries, wild tubers, barks, herbs, and sunflowers.  Tobacco was also harvested, but this was for smoking.
Because they did move their villages only once a twenty years, they were able to use large grinding stones to grind corn into meal.
Furthermore, Maple syrup was tapped from trees and men fished and hunted water animals, deer and other wood animals.
Farming

22. Longhouses
Whenever the soil got poor, the place got too dirty, or the fish and game became scarce - everyone would move their village to a new place.
A village could have 20 to 200 longhouses.
The longhouses were homes for extended families.
Each female brought her husband and children to live with her in the longhouse.
The eldest women were the masters of the longhouse.

23. Inuit What do you know about Inuit? 5. Where do they live? (area)
We are going on with our quizz. Write down the answer on your sheet.
What do you know about Inuit. Where do they live?

24. Inuit – Arctic area Inuit West Coast People Subarctic People Plateau
The Inuit lived in the coldest area, including Northern Canada, Alaska, Greenland, and Siberia.
You can see on this map there are many different Inuit peoples.
Plateau
People
Plains People

25. Inuit Western Arctic/MacKenzie Inuit
The Inuit were the last native people to arrive in North America.
All the good land to the south was already occupied by hostile Indians so they settled in the Arctic. Nobody else wanted it because it was one of the most extreme climates in the world. But the Inuit were masters at adapting over thousands of years.
Western Arctic/MacKenzie Inuit

26. Inuit What do you know about Inuit? 5. Where do they live?
6. What clothes do they wear?
Here is the next quizz question: What clothes do Inuit wear?
Write your answer on your sheet.

27. Kamleika (jacket), made from sea mammal gut
Cloths
Skin Clothing
Come up to me, Come up to me. I will gladly sew hoods to your garments. I will gladly set fine soles to your kamiks.
Traditional song collected by
Rasmussen, 1930
They usually wore many layers of clothing as protection from the cold weather.
Clothing of the Inuit people was mostly made of animal skins and furs, mostly Caribou skin, but they also used other animal skins, including dog, squirrel, marmot, fox, wolf, polar bear, bird skin, feathers, and sealskin.
They even used sea mammal intestines, because they provided more resistance to water.
Men and women both wore layered trousers and outer coats called 'parkas'.
Moreover they wore mittens and boots. To make it complete, snow goggles, made from caribou antlers, provided protection from the cold, but more importantly protection from snow blindness.
For the first couple of years, the children stayed in the hood of their mother's amauti.

28. Inuit What do you know about Inuit? 5. Where do they live?
6. What clothes do they wear?
7. What do they eat?
Quizz question 7. What do they eat?
Write your answer on your sheet

29. Inuit What do you know about Inuit? 5. Where do they live?
6. What clothes do they wear?
7. What do they eat?
8. How do they hunt?
8. How do Inuit hunt?

30. Hunting
Fishing
The Inuit were able to hunt for food year-round. Depending on the season they would hunt for different animals and used different techniques.
Sea Mammals, such as Seal, Walrus, Beluga Whales, Narwhal
Here you can see one technique: Seals have to breath, even under the ice. For that goal they use breathing gaps in the ice. The Inuit people waited at this site until the seal came up to breath and they could hit it with a spear.
However, some sea mammals, like whales, were hunted in the open water using kayaks or the bigger umiaks.
In fact, Inuit used everything of their game: they used all the meat, blubber, skin, and ivory.
Furthermore they hunt Land Animals like caribou, musk oxen, arctic fox, polar bear, arctic hare and arctic birds.
Besides Kayaks and Umiaks, dogs sledges are used for travelling and transport.

31. Inuit What do you know about Inuit? 5. Where do they live?
6. What clothes do they wear?
7. What do they eat?
8. How do they hunt?
9. What does their housing look like?
What does their housing look like?

32. Housing
During the winter, Inuit families would follow the hunt. The most common winter shelter was a snowhouse, more commonly known as an 'igloo', which would keep them warm.
It was made out of snow blocks, which usually took the Inuit minutes to build.
Sleeping platforms were made of ice blocks, covered with fur.

33. But:
During the summer, the Inuit built tents out of driftwood or poles covered with animal skins, mostly caribou or sealskin. These tents were not like the Plains tipis.
People from different areas would form large villages during the summer. In the winter everyone scatted across the land into small bands again.

34. Inuit What do you know about Inuit? 5. Where do they live?
6. What clothes do they wear?
7. What do they eat?
8. How do they hunt?
9. What does their housing look like?
10. Why were they called Eskimo’s?
And here is the last quizz question: Why were Inuit called Eskimos?

35. Eskimo?
Why?
Inuit were used to be called Eskimos, which came from a Native word for 'eater of raw meat'.
Now the Arctic people are officially known as the Inuit, which means 'the people', or the singular form: Inuk

36. And there are many more Peoples with varied cultures.
Gros Ventre
Plains Ojibwa, Saulteaux, Chippewa
North Peigan (Blackfoot)
Crow
South Peigan (Blackfeet, Montana)
Arapaho
Sioux
Hidatsa
Blood (Blackfoot)
Kiowa
Mohawk
Kootenay
Sioux
Métis of Half Breed
Sioux/Assiniboine/Stoney (Eden Valley, Morley and Big Horn, Alberta)
Sioux/Assiniboine/Stoney
Plains Cree
Thompson
Mandan
Blackfoot people - the First People
Okanagan
Arikara
Blackfoot (Blackfoot - Alberta)
And there are many more Peoples with varied cultures.
And that were just a few Aboriginal Peoples and their cultures. Here you see more peoples. And even this is just a part of the different cultures in Canada.