1. COMPARISON OF OESTROUS SYNCHRONIZATION RESPONSE AND PREGNANCY RATE ON VILLAGE COWS FOLLOWING TIMED ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN KWAZULU-NATAL AND LIMPOPO PROVINCES” By Maqhashu A Agricultural Research Council-Animal production institute Germplasm Conservation & Reproductive Biotechnologies (ARC-GCRB)

2. Outline Introduction Objectives Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Conclusion Acknowledgements

3. ≥51 million population Per capita consumption of 13.72kg/year 7 to 13% Agricultural GDP Affluent consumers premium Markets Restaurants Wholesalers Retailers Integrated feedlots Feedlots (Where 70% of RSA cattle are finished before slaughter) Developed sector 50 000 High Income producers & 2250 Elite Breeders 8.3 million beef cattle Meat processors (495 Abattoirs) 2 400 000 to 2 800 000 Slaughters 640 000 tonnes produced Failure point: Limited direct access to feedlot market due to people and animal Failure point: Lack of support targeting individual change to fit into RSA beef chain 35 000 tonnes exported Poor consumers (cheap cuts market) Tanneries for automotive industries Hides ExportLocal Developing sector Markets Butchers Auctions Speculators Festivities Failure point: Very low market off-take Developing sector Land reform Farmers 15 000 Emerging Farmers 87 000 Communal farmers 3 million Failure point: Low herd productivity due to people & capitals Failure point: Limited flow of improved bull due to people & capitals 5.7 million Beef cattle 13 000 to 48 000 tonnes imported 150 000 to 300 000 weaner imported Nedambale@2012

4. Time when cows show signs of heat Time (hrs)Percentage (%) 00:00-06:0043 7:00-12:0022 13:00-18:0010 19:00-23:0025

5. Objectives  To evaluate the oestrous response and pregnancy rate following timed artificial insemination (TAI).

6. MATERIALS AND METHODS

7. Study site

8. Training of farmers

9. Synchronization of cows

11. RESULTS & DISCUSSION

12. Oestrus synchronization response

13. Conclusion Village cows responded successfully to oestrous synchronization programme regardless of geographic area and body condition. Cows with BCS of ≥3 had better pregnancy rate regardless of breed type and province. Moreover Nguni type cows performed better regardless of the BCS.

14. Implication of the study Technology transfer Information dissemination. Livestock improvement.

15. Acknowledgements Technology Innovation Agency (TIA) University of Fort Hare (UFH) & Govern Mbeki Research Development Centre (GMRDC). Agricultural Research Council- Germplasm Conservation and Reproductive Biotechnologies (ARC-GCRB).

16. THE END THANK YOU!