1. CHAPTER 1: PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY “LOOKING AT EARTH”

2.  “Geography”  The study of the distribution and interaction of physical and human features on the earth  Greek word geographia means "to describe the earth”  A geographer views the world in terms of the use of space.  Maps  Most common tool used to study the use of space on Earth  Visual representations of a portion of the earth  Mental maps (those that one carries in their mind)  Photographs: to gain visual evidence  Charts, graphs, tables: to understand patterns  Models: to make the study of the real world easier  5 Themes of Geography: to help the geographer describe the use of space THE BASICS OF GEOGRAPHY

3. 5 THEMES OF GEOGRAPHY

4. Where is it?  Geographers describe location in two ways: absolute location and relative location. 1.Absolute location (36)  Uses grid lines (imaginary) on a map to determine the exact location  Earth is divided into two equal halves (hemispheres); a hemisphere can be north-south, or east-west  Lines of Latitude: parallel to Equator (0); Lines of Longitude: parallel to Prime Meridian (0) 2.Relative location  Explains a location compared to another's location 1. LOCATION

6. What is there? What is it like? both  A place has both physical and human characteristics.  While the physical characteristics will almost always stay the same, the human characteristics can and often do change over time.  Physical  Physical characteristics: landforms, climate, and vegetation.  Human  Human characteristics: religion, language, demography, economy, politics, and culture. 2. PLACE

7. How are the earth's spaces organized? How are places similar or different?  Area of earth's surface with similar human/physical characteristics 1.Formal region --> A limited number of shared characteristics. In this course, the units of this course make up the formal regions; example: Latin America 2.Functional region --> organized around a set of connection/interactions between/among places; example: The Loop 3. REGION

8. How do people adapt to, and change, their environment? How do people relate to the physical world?  This is a reciprocal lens  Adaptation, resource scarcity, natural disasters, technology, and pollution.  People living in similar environments do not always respond to them in the same ways; sometimes the alterations create new problems, such as pollution… 4. HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION

9. How do products, people, and ideas move?  Transportation, travel, migration, push-pull factors, exchanging of ideas, and global trade.  Geographers analyze movement by looking at three types of distance: 1.Linear Distance --- A to B on earth, with physical geography possibly presenting obstacles. 2.Time Distance --- A to B as measured by time taken, technological innovations (time-space compression). 5. MOVEMENT

10. THE GEOGRAPHER’S TOOLS

11.  How Satellites Gather Map Data (46)  Geographic Information Systems (46)  Geography Skills Handbook (51-59)  Finding Location  Reading A Map  Scale  Using the Geographic Grid  Projections  Using Different Types of Maps  Physical Maps  Political Maps  Thematic Maps  Qualitative Maps  Cartograms  Flow-Line Maps STUDY…

12.  Maps are two-dimensional representations of the three- dimensional surface of the earth.  Consequently, cartographers - map-makers - lie to their audience in some way in order to convey a story, using various scales to do so  Pros  Easily portable  Can be drawn at any scale needed  Cons  Distortion occurs as the earth's surface is flattened  Types of Maps 1.General Reference Maps--> Topographic Map: representation of natural and man-made features on the earth 2.Thematic Maps--> Emphasize specific kinds of information (ex: climate, population density) 3.Navigational Maps--> Used by sailors and pilots /// Earliest known map --> Babylonian clay tablet c.2500 years ago MAPS

13.  Globes are three-dimensional representations of the three- dimensional surface of the earth.  With that said, the viewer can never see the entire world at one time. GLOBES

14. Scale is an important tool used in creating maps and constructing their stories.  Shows the ratio between a unit of length on the map and a unit of distance on the earth  A geographer decides what scale to use by determining how much detail to show  Large (closer/more defined)  Small (further away/less defined) SCALE

15.  Today, geographers rely heavily on satellites to provide geographic data.  Two of the best known satellites are Landsat and GOES 1.Landsat --> a series of satellites that orbit more than 100 miles above earth; satellites collecting data from 115 mile wide individual orbits; can scan entire earth in just 16 days! 2.GOES --> Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites: weather satellite system; orbit in sync with earth's rotation  Geographic Information Systems (GIS)  Newest tool; stores information about the world in a digital database  Able to combine multiple sources of information to create composite maps  Geographic Positioning System (GPS)  Originally developed to help military forces know exactly where they were on earth's surface; system uses a series of 30 satellites called Navstars  Exact position (latitude, longitude, altitude, time) is given THE SCIENCE OF MAPMAKING

16. DIFFUSION

17. DISTANCE DECAY AND TIME-SPACE COMPRESSION MODELS

18. DIFFUSION  Diffusion: the spread of a feature of our world over time  Hearth: Origin from which the idea/concept spread from

19. DIFFUSION DIFFUSION BARRIERS  What do we mean by diffusion barriers?  Attitudes, belief systems, values which oppose cultural diffusion/acceptance  Example: Islamic diffusion to Europe in Middle Ages  Example 2: Pork to the middle east today (why?)  Example 3: Technology to an Amish community

20. DIFFUSION Types of Diffusion  Expansion Diffusion  The people stay in place (the hearth) and the innovation, idea, trait, or disease does the moving (spreading)  Different types of expansion diffusion…  Contagious  Hierarchal  Stimulus  Relocation Diffusion  Actual movement of individuals who have already adopted the idea or innovation, and who carry it from the hearth to a new location (PHYSICIAL MOVEMENT)  This most often occurs through migration

21. DIFFUSION Expansion vs. Relocation diffusion  Expansion= staying strong in hearth and spreading  Relocation= movement of people with ideas/ innovations to new place

22. EXPANSION DIFFUSION HIERARCHAL  Diffusion from the top to the bottom (AUTHORITY)  Also works in terms of global cities  Hearths such as New York City, Paris, Milan  Flows to smaller world cities (Chicago)  Flows to smaller cities yet again  Ultimately reaches lowest tiers of global breakdown  Culture doesn’t have to be adopted everywhere or by everyone, and often times meets opposition CONTAGIOUS  A form of expansion diffusion in which nearly all adjacent (next to, neighboring) individuals and places are affected (OFTEN RAPID AND WIDESPREAD) STIMULUS  The underlying principle of a characteristic spreads although characteristic failed.

24. CULTURE: EXPANSION DIFFUSION Contagious: IslamHierarchical: Peter the Great and Adoption of Western culture Stimulus: Internet and necessity of people becoming more apt to use it