2. Wegener’s Theory Problems 1)Continents plowing through the crust would destroy the crust 1)Continents are not moving apart at the speed Wegener proposed

3. German Meteorologist 1912 Alfred Wegener’s continental drift hypothesis- His evidence- fossil record, ancient climates, geometric fit of continents List of previous supercontinents: PangaeaPangaea,Pannotia,Rodinia, PannotiaRodinia ColumbiaColumbia, Kenorland, Ur, VaalbaraKenorlandUrVaalbara Pangea means “all lands” 200mya Continental drift theory says that tectonic plates move.(But does not say why!) (Plate tectonics theory predicts convection currents in mantle push plates of crust around. The plate tectonics theory explains every observation in geology ever seen.) Same fossils found where plates once fit together Continents fit together on shelf edges Similar landforms found on each continent.

4. X

5. By examining evidence such as similar rock layers in various places, fossilized desert belts, the distribution of fossils, and the physical shapes of continents, scientists have concluded that the Earth’s continents were once all connected to form a “supercontinent” called Pangaea that was surrounded by an enormous ocean. Use the different kinds of evidence to reconstruct how the Earth may have looked approximately 220 million years ago. Use the legend to identify the symbols on each island or continent. Look at the shapes of continents and islands. What landmasses seem to fit together? Examine the evidence and try to match up landmass boundaries that show similar rock strata, fossilized desert belts, and dinosaur fossils. Look over the arrangement of the continents and islands and decide if the position of any of them should change. When you are satisfied with your map of Pangaea, tape or glue it down in your notebook.

7. North America Eurasia Africa South America Australia Antarctica

9. Indo-Australian African Eurasian North American South American PacificJuan de Fuca Nazca Cocos Philippine Caribbean Caroline Scotia Arabian

10. Apart, Dividing Continental =Rift valleys Oceanic=Seafloor spreading Great Rift Valley=Africa Mid Atlantic Ridge=Atlantic ocean Sliding past each other Earthquakes fault lines San Andreas Fault In California Colliding with each other Mountain building Indo- Australian plate converges with Eurasian plate to form the Himalayan mountains Older, colder plate subducts under younger hotter plate volcanoes Above ground volcanoesvolcanoes Underwater volcanoes More dense oceanic plate subducts under less dense continental plate

11. Convergent fault=Colliding Forms mountains, subduction Ex.- Indo-Australian plate collides with Eurasian plate to form Himalayan mountains Divergent fault=dividing On land=rift valleys Under sea=seafloor spreading- i.e.- Mid Atlantic ridge Transform Fault Causes earthquakes Ex-San Andreas To the tune of the Adams Family: Convergent is colliding Divergent is dividing Transforming is sliding We the plate boundaries. Dun na na na

12. Subduction Ring of fire Stratovolcano Divergent (rifting) Convergent (Himalayan Mts) Seafloor rift volcano Convection Subduction Earthquake focus

13. Least useful in identifying mineral Moh’s scale = ability to resist scratches How light is reflected off the surface Color that is left behind when scratched on a streak plate

14. Each Mineral has its own density When a mineral does not break along predictable pattern (opposite of cleavage) The tendency to break along preferred planes (Sheets, blocky, prismatic)