1. Managing Forests for Adaptation to Climate Change Zoltán Rakonczay WWF – European Forest Programme Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood 24-27 March, 2003, Braşov, Romania

2. 24-27 March, 2003 Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania Outline  Climate Change and Impacts on Forests  Natural Adaptation Mechanisms  Adaptation Measures  Implications for the Use of Wood

3. 24-27 March, 2003 Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania Climate Change is Happening „An increasing body of observations gives a collective picture of a warming world and other changes in the climate system” (IPCC TAR)  It is “very likely” to be happening  Caused by anthropogenic sources of GHGs  Burning of fossil fuels is the main culprit (CO 2 )  Main issues: adaptation and mitigation

4. 24-27 March, 2003 Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania

5. 24-27 March, 2003 Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania Changes in the Environment  Temperatures are likely to increase –(0.1-0.4°C/decade)  Precipitation –increase in the north, decrease in the south –changed seasonal pattern  Extreme weather events more frequent –storms, floods, droughts  Increased CO 2 concentration

6. 24-27 March, 2003 Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania

7. 24-27 March, 2003 Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania

8. 24-27 March, 2003 Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania Likely Impacts on Forests  Shifting range boundaries –towards the north –towards higher elevations  Changes in phenology –lengthening of the growing season –higher evapotranspiration –functional groups may disintegrate due to differing responses to environmental change

9. 24-27 March, 2003 Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania Likely Impacts on Forests (2)  Changes in the carbon balance (???) –higher growth (initially?) –higher decomposition/respiration (!)  Increased incidents of abiotic damage –windthrow, fire, snow/ice  Increased incidents of biotic damage –new pests moving in –increased susceptibility due to stress

10. 24-27 March, 2003 Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania

11. 24-27 March, 2003 Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania Adaptation Mechanisms  Physiological acclimation –trees can tolerate changes within the historic range of environmental variability –exceeding this range can be catastrophic

12. 24-27 March, 2003 Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania

13. 24-27 March, 2003 Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania Adaptation Mechanisms  Physiological acclimation –trees can tolerate changes within the historic range of environmental variability –exceeding this range can be catastrophic  In-situ evolution –typically a slow process, many life cycles –adequate genetic diversity is a prerequisite –losses of diversity (on the short run) –speciation (on the long run)

14. 24-27 March, 2003 Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania Adaptation Mechanisms (2)  Migration –the most effective adaptation strategy by far –requires freedom of movement along environmental gradients –rate of change is a crucial factor –functional groups have to migrate together (keystone species)  Refugia –areas where the special microclimate allowed the survival of species

15. 24-27 March, 2003 Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania What is Special About Current Climate Change?  The rate of change seems to be extraordinarily fast  The landscape is no longer pristine –fragmentation –altered ecosystems –degraded/stressed ecosystems –invasive/introduced species  Ecosystems serve basic human needs –we cannot afford losing crucial functions

16. 24-27 March, 2003 Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania Implications for the Use of Forest (use of wood - broad sense)  Biomass use for energy –fossil fuel substitution  Carbon sequestration –lack of use of wood  Adaptation measures –protection/management of forest for biodiversity benefits –to secure services for the long run For global climate benefits

17. 24-27 March, 2003 Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania Adaptation Measures  Nature reserves –sufficient size –full range of forest types  Connectivity –avoid fragmentation –restore connectivity (corridors)  Protect climatic refugia / migration corridors –different scales (microhabitats to ecoregions) –historic migration corridors are often degraded

18. 24-27 March, 2003 Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania Adaptation Measures (2)  Protect primary forests  Provide buffer zones to protected areas  Practice low-intensity forestry –small canopy openings to protect microclimate –reasonably complete set of species  Maintain genetic diversity at all levels  Identify and protect functional groups  Monitor changes (adapt mgmt. if needed)

19. 24-27 March, 2003 Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania Implications for the Use of Wood (strict sense) Forest utilisation should give priority to adaptation measures: Use efficiently what forests do provide, instead of trying to grow what you think the market will demand in the distant future. –technological advances (targeted research) –consumption habits of end users (marketing)

20. 24-27 March, 2003 Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania Conclusions  Climate change is happening  Forests are likely to suffer major impacts  Adaptation should be facilitated –recommended measures differ little from sound management under static climate

21. 24-27 March, 2003 Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania Conclusions (2)  Adaptation measures should be given priority (precautionary principle)  Efficient use of available wood should be promoted –novel technologies –awareness raising / marketing

22. 24-27 March, 2003 Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania Zoltán Rakonczay WWF Forest - Climate Change Officer zoltan.rakonczay@elender.hu tel: +36 1 214 5554