2. Part 1: Geography 1.Geography shapes history because it is where all history takes place 2. Since the beginning of time, all civilizations have had to control their surrounding in order to survive 3.Topography = The physical features of a place or region

3. Archipelago A chain of islands – Italy – Japan – Oceania

4. Delta A landform that is formed at the mouth of a river, where the river flows into an another body of water – Nile Delta (Egypt)

5. Desert A dry, often sandy region, with little rainfall, extreme temperatures, and sparse vegetation – Sahara Desert (Africa)

6. Gulf Part of a large body of water that extends into a shoreline – Gulf of Mexico

7. Regular (Smooth) Coastline A smooth coastline with very few natural harbors – West Coast of Africa

8. Irregular Coastline A non-smooth coastline, that has many natural harbors – Britain

9. Mountain Land with steep sides that rises sharply – Himalayan Mountain

10. Peninsula An area of land that is surrounded by water on three sides – Korean Peninsula – Italy – India

11. River Large natural stream of water that runs through the land – Nile River – Indus River – Ganges River – Yellow River

12. Isthmus A narrow stretch of land connecting two larger areas of land – Isthmus of Panama

13. Straight A narrow stretch of water connecting two larger bodies of water – Straight of Gibraltar

14. Geography Terms 1.Geographical Barrier = A physical feature that separates two regions/areas/locations from each other and creates obstacles a.Himalayan Mountains b.Sahara Desert c.Gobi Desert 2.River Valley = land that surrounds a river that is rich and fertile

15. 3.Deforestation = the cutting down of forests or rainforests on a massive scale and converting the land for non-forest use. Amazon Rainforest 4.Desertification = the changing of semi- desert land to total desert land Sahara Desert

16. Political Map = a type of map that shows governmental boundaries, like countries, continents, states, and cities

17. Physical Map = a type of map that shows physical features, like mountains, plains, deserts and forests.

18. LatitudeLongitude Imaginary lines that run horizontally across a map Lat is FLAT Imaginary lines that run vertically (up and down) across a map Long is LONG

19. How do you read latitude and longitude?

20. Timelines 1.The period of time before written records were kept is called prehistoric, meaning “before history”. 2.Time is customarily divided into these periods: PrehistoryBefore 4000 B.C. Ancient History 4000 B.C. – A.D. 500 Medieval History A.D. 500 – A.D. 1500 Modern History A.D. 1500 – Present

21. Common Time Terms B.C. = Before Christ A.D. = Anno Domini (after death of Christ) Decade = 10 Years Century = 100 years

23. Culture The characteristics of a particular group of people defined by everything from language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts Way of life for a group of people

24. Cultural Diversity Many different kinds of cultures in one place

25. Cultural Diffusion The spread or exchange of cultures

26. Ethnocentrism The belief that your culture/ethnicity is superior (better) than others