1. Universe Tenth Edition Chapter 9 The Living Earth Roger Freedman Robert Geller William Kaufmann III Clicker Questions

2. Which of the following has the smallest effect on the motions of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans? A.solar energy B.the Earth ’ s internal heat C.tidal forces D.both B and C E.This is a misleading question. All of these have comparably large effects on the atmosphere and oceans. Q9.1

3. Which of the following has the smallest effect on the motions of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans? A.solar energy B.the Earth ’ s internal heat C.tidal forces D.both B and C. E.This is a misleading question. All of these have comparably large effects on the atmosphere and oceans. A9.1

4. What energy source creates clouds in our atmosphere? A.The Sun B.Earth ’ s internal heat C.Tidal interactions with the Moon D.The solar wind E.None of the above Q9.2

5. What energy source creates clouds in our atmosphere? A.The Sun B.Earth ’ s internal heat C.Tidal interactions with the Moon D.The solar wind E.None of the above A9.2

6. What energy source leads to mountain building on Earth? A.The Sun B.Earth ’ s internal heat C.Tidal interactions with the Moon D.The solar wind E.None of the above Q9.3

7. What energy source leads to mountain building on Earth? A.The Sun B.Earth ’ s internal heat C.Tidal interactions with the Moon D.The solar wind E.None of the above A9.3

8. In the greenhouse effect, A.some infrared radiation emitted by the Earth ’ s surface is absorbed by the atmosphere. B.some ultraviolet radiation emitted by the Earth ’ s surface is absorbed by the atmosphere. C.vegetation traps thermal energy near the surface. D.infrared radiation from the Sun is captured as it enters the Earth ’ s atmosphere. E.infrared radiation from the Sun is reflected by the Earth ’ s atmosphere into space. Q9.4

9. In the greenhouse effect, A.some infrared radiation emitted by the Earth ’ s surface is absorbed by the atmosphere. B.some ultraviolet radiation emitted by the Earth ’ s surface is absorbed by the atmosphere. C.vegetation traps thermal energy near the surface. D.infrared radiation from the Sun is captured as it enters the Earth ’ s atmosphere. E.infrared radiation from the Sun is reflected by the Earth ’ s atmosphere into space. A9.4

10. Which of the follow best describes the natural greenhouse effect (not including human influence) on Earth? A.There is no natural greenhouse effect. B.The natural greenhouse effect keeps Earth ’ s average temperature relatively constant and above freezing. C.The natural greenhouse effect has continuously increased the average temperature of the atmosphere and surface over the past 4.56 billion years. D.The natural greenhouse effect has continuously decreased the average temperature of the atmosphere and surface over the past 4.56 billion years. Q9.5

11. Which of the follow best describes the natural greenhouse effect (not including human influence) on Earth? A.There is no natural greenhouse effect. B.The natural greenhouse effect keeps Earth ’ s average temperature relatively constant and above freezing. C.The natural greenhouse effect has continuously increased the average temperature of the atmosphere and surface over the past 4.56 billion years. D.The natural greenhouse effect has continuously decreased the average temperature of the atmosphere and surface over the past 4.56 billion years. A9.5

12. Which of the following is not an important greenhouse gas? A.Carbon dioxide B.Methane C.Water D.Ammonia E.All of these are important greenhouse gases. Q9.6

13. Which of the following is not an important greenhouse gas? A.Carbon dioxide B.Methane C.Water D.Ammonia E.All of these are important greenhouse gases. A9.6

14. Which of the following is a correct statement about seismic waves used to map the Earth ’ s interior structure? A.P waves are longitudinal and are able to travel through solids and liquids; S waves are transverse and can only travel through liquids. B.P waves are transverse and are able to travel through solids and liquids; S waves are longitudinal and can only travel through liquids. C.P waves are transverse and are able to travel through solids and liquids; S waves are longitudinal and can only travel through solids. D.P waves are longitudinal and are able to travel through solids and liquids; S waves are transverse and can only travel through solids. Q9.7

15. Which of the following is a correct statement about seismic waves used to map the Earth ’ s interior structure? A.P waves are longitudinal and are able to travel through solids and liquids; S waves are transverse and can only travel through liquids. B.P waves are transverse and are able to travel through solids and liquids; S waves are longitudinal and can only travel through liquids. C.P waves are transverse and are able to travel through solids and liquids; S waves are longitudinal and can only travel through solids. D.P waves are longitudinal and are able to travel through solids and liquids; S waves are transverse and can only travel through solids. A9.7

16. The Earth ’ s magnetic field is generated by A.electric currents in the liquid outer core; the field has never changed direction. B.electric currents in the liquid inner core; the field has never changed direction. C.electric currents in the liquid outer core; the field has reversed many times in the past. D.electric currents in the liquid inner core; the field has reversed many times in the past. E.electric currents caused by interactions with the solar wind. Q9.8

17. The Earth ’ s magnetic field is generated by A.electric currents in the liquid outer core; the field has never changed direction. B.electric currents in the liquid inner core; the field has never changed direction. C.electric currents in the liquid outer core; the field has reversed many times in the past. D.electric currents in the liquid inner core; the field has reversed many times in the past. E.electric currents caused by interactions with the solar wind. A9.8

18. The Red Sea rift is A.formed by two tectonic plates moving apart. B.a subduction zone, where one plate is pushed under the other. C.a fold in the middle of a plate caused by compressing forces on both sides of the plate. D.a hot spot in Earth ’ s mantle, which is spreading two plates apart. E.the result of a earthquake that occurred thousands of years ago. Q9.9

19. The Red Sea rift is A.formed by two tectonic plates moving apart. B.a subduction zone, where one plate is pushed under the other. C.a fold in the middle of a plate caused by compressing forces on both sides of the plate. D.a hot spot in Earth ’ s mantle, which is spreading two plates apart. E.the result of a earthquake that occurred thousands of years ago. A9.9

20. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is best described as A.a line of undersea mountains caused by two plates colliding and pushing each other upward. B.a fold in the middle of a plate caused by compressing forces on both sides of the plate. C.a region where one plate is being subducted beneath another. D.a site where two plates are moving apart, allowing molten subsurface rock to rise upward. E.a region in the middle of a plate that happens to lie over a hot spot in the mantle. Q9.10

21. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is best described as A.a line of undersea mountains caused by two plates colliding and pushing each other upward. B.a fold in the middle of a plate caused by compressing forces on both sides of the plate. C.a region where one plate is being subducted beneath another. D.a site where two plates are moving apart, allowing molten subsurface rock to rise upward. E.a region in the middle of a plate that happens to lie over a hot spot in the mantle. A9.10

22. The Earth shows very little evidence of meteor impacts because A.plate tectonics is continuously recycling the Earth ’ s crust. B.wind and rain have continually eroded the Earth ’ s surface. C.very few meteors struck the Earth in the past. D.vegetation has covered the craters. E.Both A and B are correct. Q9.11

23. The Earth shows very little evidence of meteor impacts because A.plate tectonics is continuously recycling the Earth ’ s crust. B.wind and rain have continually eroded the Earth ’ s surface. C.very few meteors struck the Earth in the past. D.vegetation has covered the craters. E.Both A and B are correct. A9.11

24. If the early atmosphere of the Earth was composed of carbon dioxide, why does the present atmosphere contain oxygen molecules? A.Volcanoes slowly enriched the Earth ’ s atmosphere with oxygen. B.When life first developed on the Earth, this life produced oxygen from carbon dioxide by photosynthesis. C.Rainwater slowly broke down carbon dioxide into its components. D.Oxygen was captured from space over many millions of years. E.Solar radiation breaks down CO 2. Q9.12

25. If the early atmosphere of the Earth was composed of carbon dioxide, why does the present atmosphere contain oxygen molecules? A.Volcanoes slowly enriched the Earth ’ s atmosphere with oxygen. B.When life first developed on the Earth, this life produced oxygen from carbon dioxide by photosynthesis. C.Rainwater slowly broke down carbon dioxide into its components. D.Oxygen was captured from space over many millions of years. E.Solar radiation breaks down CO 2. A9.12

26. Ozone is a molecule made up of three oxygen atoms. The ozone layer that protects the Earth ’ s surface from ultraviolet light A.has been present and stable for as long as we have been measuring it. B.has shown gradual changes over the last 20 years with a hole appearing over Antarctica. C.shows no holes yet but appears to be getting thinner. D.shows rather large seasonal changes with large holes appearing over the North and South Poles during their respective winters. E.is no longer present. Q9.13

27. Ozone is a molecule made up of three oxygen atoms. The ozone layer that protects the Earth ’ s surface from ultraviolet light A.has been present and stable for as long as we have been measuring it. B.has shown gradual changes over the last 20 years with a hole appearing over Antarctica. C.shows no holes yet but appears to be getting thinner. D.shows rather large seasonal changes with large holes appearing over the North and South Poles during their respective winters. E.is no longer present. A9.13

28. The oxygen in our atmosphere is chemically reactive, combining with other elements to form compounds, and is also being used by respiratory life. Despite this, the amount of oxygen in our atmosphere is not decreasing because it is being replenished by A.outgassing from seawater. B.volcanic eruptions. C.biological activity, such as photosynthesis. D.meteors and comets, which bring oxygen to the Earth. E.solar radiation breaking down CO 2. Q9.14

29. The oxygen in our atmosphere is chemically reactive, combining with other elements to form compounds, and is also being used by respiratory life. Despite this, the amount of oxygen in our atmosphere is not decreasing because it is being replenished by A.outgassing from seawater. B.volcanic eruptions. C.biological activity, such as photosynthesis. D.meteors and comets, which bring oxygen to the Earth. E.solar radiation breaking down CO 2. A9.14