1. Shaping the New Nation It is much easier to destroy an old system of government than it is to create a new one How much power should the national government have???

2. Governments Constantly Try To Balance………. LIBERTY Can you think of modern day examples? PROTECTION ORDER SAFETY Which side do the A of C err on??

3. Attempt #1 – Articles of Confederation, March 1781 Taxes Can’t tax a state or personNo $$ Army/navyRely on states for troopsNo national military TradeCan’t regulate inter-state tradeStates tax each other MoneyCan’t print $$$States print; Gov $ worthless LandNW Ordinance 1787Entry of new states Power1 vote per stateJealousies/rivalries AmendingNeed unanimous voteImpossible to change DisputesCan’t settle or enforceStates quarrel constantly JudiciaryNo national court systemCan’t settle legal disputes EnforcementNo ExecutiveNo real power to enforce laws

4. Which weakness do YOU think is the greatest? Why??

6. Articles of Confederation Establishes US as a confederation of sovereign states What does this mean? Loose “league of friendship” between states Doesn’t use term “nation” at all States operate as independent countries – no real national unity (remember Franklin’s cartoon??) STATE GOV more powerful than NATIONAL GOV

7. Land Ordinance 1785 and NW Land Ordinance 1787 A of C greatest achievement Land W of App and N. or Ohio River – rich land for settlement Survey the land Divide into territories Set requirements for admission of new states

10. Signs of Trouble – Shay’s Rebellion Daniel Shay – Veteran of Rev War - returned to farm western MA Carried debt – faced debtors prison Demands courts close so farmers like him don’t lose their farms to creditors (every state has debt ridden farmers) 1786/87 Shay leads army of farmers 1,200 strong to arsenal at Springfield, MA MA State Militia kills 4 rebels and scatters rest

11. Significance of Shay’s Rebellion? National Gov can’t put the rebellion down because can’t raise an army Rebels - act against gov when gov acts against people’s wishes (heavily taxed) Example of chaos and disorder cause by a weak gov. People fear lawlessness – must act soon to strengthen gov.

13. US Constitution Constitutional Convention – 1787 Delegates from all states but RI meet in Philadelphia (same room where they signed the Declaration 11 years earlier). Washington elected President by unanimous vote.

14. Big States V. Small States – The Great Compromise

15. North V. South – how to count the slaves? 3/5 Compromise

16. Federalism – Division of Power Federalism divides power between the national gov and the state gov Enumerated powers – those granted to the national gov. Such as….? Reserved powers – those kept by the states. Such as…..? Shared powers – right to tax, borrow money, pay debts, establish courts

18. Montesquieu – Separation of Powers Executive branch – (President) carries out the law Legislative branch – (Congress) makes the law Judicial branch – (Supreme Court/courts) interprets the law

19. Checks and Balances

20. Electoral College Distrust of popular sovereignty led the framers of the Constitution to create a complicated system of electing the president College of representatives (electors) would get the last say Each state chooses electors (= to number of senators and representatives) and electors cast ballots for the candidates Possible to win popular vote and lose electoral college (Bush/Gore 2000)

21. James Madison – known as the father of the Constitution because of his pivotal role in its drafting and ratification. He also drafted the Bill of Rights. Future 4 th President of the US.

23. Ratification???? Official approval requires agreement of at least 9 states

25. The Federalist Papers Series of 85 essays published in NY newspapers between 1787/1788 Defended the Constitution Published under pseudonym “Publius” Later revealed authors – Madison, Hamilton, Jay

27. Ratification Delaware = first to ratify New Hampshire – fulfills ratification as 9 th state Problem – VA and NY had not voted and new gov needs these large, powerful states VA and NY finally vote – becomes reality 1789

28. Bill of Rights