1. Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Lecture: M 6-9:30 Randall Visitor Center Lab: W 6-9:30 Swatek Anatomy Center, Centennial Complex Required Text: Marieb 9th edition Dr. Trevor Lohman DPT (949)

2. Ch. 3: The Functional Unit of Life
The Cell
Ch. 3: The Functional Unit of Life

3. The Cellular Basis of Life
The Smallest Living Unit
Cell Theory:
Generalized or Composite Cell
Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Fig 3.2

4. The Plasma Membrane: Structure
The Fluid Mosaic Model
Membrane Lipids
Phospholipids
Glycolipids
Cholesterol
Lipid Rafts
Fig 3.3

5. Plasma Membrane: Structure
Membrane Proteins:
Integral Proteins
Peripheral Proteins
The Glycocalyx
Fig

6. Cell Junctions
Tight Junctions: Desmosomes: Gap Junctions:

7. The Plasma Membrane: Membrane Transport
Passive Processes
Osmosis
Aquaporins
Osmolarity
Hydrostatic vs. osmotic pressure
Tonicity (Iso, Hyper, Hypo)
Fig 3.9
Diffusion
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Carrier-Mediated facilitated diffusion
Channel-Mediated facilitated diffusion
Fig 3.6, 3.7, 3.8

8. The Plasma Membrane: Membrane Transport
Active Transport
Primary Active Transport (3.10)
Sodium-potassium pump
Secondary Active Transport (3.11)
Symport system vs. antiport system
Vesicular Transport ( )
Endocytosis, Transcytosis, Vesicular Trafficking Fig 3.12
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor Mediated endocytosis
Exocytosis

9. The Plasma Membrane: Generation of a Resting Membrane Potential
Membrane Potential and Resting Membrane Potential
Selective Diffusion Establishes Membrane Potential
Fig 3.15
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Active Transport Maintains Electrochemical Gradients

10. The Plasma Membrane: Cell-Environment Interactions
Roles of Cell Adhesion Molecules
Molecular Velcro
The “arms”
Send SOS signals
The Mechanical Sensors
The Transmitters of intracellular signals

11. The Plasma Membrane: Cell-Environment Interactions
Roles of Plasma Membrane Receptors
Contact Signaling
Chemical Signaling
Ligands
Catalytic receptor proteins
Chemically gated channel-link receptors
G-linked receptors
Second messengers
Cyclic AMP
Ionic calcium
Fig 3.16

12. The Cytoplasm
The Cytosol Organelles Inclusions

13. Cytoplasmic Organelles
Mitochondria Ribosomes

14. Cytoplasmic Organelles
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

15. Cytoplasmic Organelles
Golgi Apparatus
Trans face
Cis face

16. Cytoplasmic Organelles
Peroxisomes
Neutralize free radicals
Lysosomes

17. Cytoplasmic organelles
Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

18. Cytoplasmic organelles
Centrosome
Centrioles
Fig 3.25

19. The Nucleus The Nucleus Multinucleate Anucleate
3 distinguishable regions
The Nuclear Envelope
Nuclear Pores
Nucleoli
Chromatin
30% DNA
60% globular histone proteins
10% RNA chains
Nucleosomes
Chromosomes

20. Cell Cycle: Interphase/M-phase
Interphase (Metabolic/Growth Phase)
Subphases
G1 (gap 1 subphase)/(G0 phase)
S Phase
G2 (gap 2 subphase)
DNA Replication
Enzymatic Unwinding
Replication bubble forms
RNA Primer Formation
DNA Polymerase

21. Cell Division Cell Division M (mitotic) phase Mitosis Cytokinesis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

22. Mitosis Prophase Early Prophase Chromatin condenses, forms chromosomes
Centrosome separation, Mitotic spindle forms
Late Prophase
Nuclear envelope dissolves
Spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores at each centromere
Polar microtubules slide past each other forcing the poles apart
Fig 3.33

23. Mitosis Metaphase Centromeres are at opposite poles of the cell
Chromosomes align along the equator of the spindle or metaphase plate
Enzymatic separation of chromatids begins

24. Anaphase Shortest Mitotic Phase
Begins with simultaneous chromatid separation
Motor proteins within the kinetochores pull chromosomes toward the poles
Polar microtubules continue to expand, pushing the poles further apart

25. Telophase Begins when chromosomal movement stops
Resembles prophase in reverse
Chromosomes unravel and revert to chromatin
New nuclear envelopes form and nucleoli reform
Mitotic spindle disappears
Mitosis ends, and cell is now binucleate

26. Cytokinesis
Actin ring forms and constricts until cell is pinched in two
Begins during late Anaphase
Continues beyond Telophase

27. Protein synthesis Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid DNA is the master blueprint
Composed of 4 nucleotide bases A, T, C, G
Triplets code for individual amino acids
Exons and introns
DNA is useless without RNA

28. Protein Synthesis RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA)
The “transcript” from which protein synthesis is performed
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Building block of ribosomes
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Transport cytoplasmic amino acids to ribosomes

29. Protein Synthesis Transcription Initiation RNA Polymerase Promoter
Helix pulled apart
Elongation
Helix unwound and rewound and as mRNA formed
Termination
Termination signal
mRNA separation

30. Protein Synthesis Translation
Nucleic acid language translated to amino acid language
Codons (64 possible)
Translation Events
Initiation
Ribosomal subunit binds to initiating tRNA which scans for start codon
Elongation
Codon recognition
Peptide bond formation
Translocation
Termination
Stop codon reached
Polypeptide chain released

31. Protein Synthesis
Fig 3.4 Fig 3.39

32. Ch 3: The Cell
Study Guide