1. Mass Diagrams Balance Cuts and Fills Shrink/swell Mass Diagram Cost Analysis

2. Cuts/Fills Need to Balance Excess fill must be borrowed Excess cut must be wasted You pay for cut + waste or fill Haul Length Cost Effectiveness

3. Shrink/Swell Most Common Excavation shrinks Embankment (Fill) placed at higher density 1 cy cut yields < 1 cy fill Varies from 5% - 20% Depends on soil type Factor of 1.2 is common Rock excavation swells

4. Mass Diagram Cumulative total of cut/fill Cut –> (+) Fill -> (-) Plot Cuml Total (cy) vs. location (Sta) Mass Diagram peaks where profile changes from cut to fill