2. انواع انگیزش دکترسیدحسین میرزایی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد بجنورد پاییز و زمستان 94 Dr mirzaei1

3. Motivation The factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms

4. انواع انگیزه ) فطری و اکتسابی ( انگیزه های فطری ( اولیه ) گرسنگی – تشنگی – جنسی انگیزه های اکتسابی ( ثانویه ) پیشرفت – پیوند جویی - قدرت انگیزه های بیرونی و درونی Drive Motivational tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior in order to fulfill some need Primary drive Basic drives related to biological needs of the body or the species as a whole Secondary drives Needs are brought about by prior experience and learning

5. انگیزه های ابتدایی دارای دو ویژگی زیر می باشند : 1 - نخست اینکه غیر اکتسابی هستند برای حفظ حیات و بر قراری تعادل حیاتی 2 - اساس و پایه فیزیولوژیکی دارند ، مثل گرسنگی ، تشنگی ، خواب ، علاقه مادری

6. Primary Drives A state of tension or arousal arising from a biological need; one not based on learning Oxygen - Thirst- Hunger-Sleep- Sex-Comfort- Clothing- Sleep- Maternal concern

7. Drive Reduction Approaches Homeostasis A basic motivational phenomena that underlies primary drives and involves the body’s tendency to maintain a steady internal state

8. انگیزه گرسنگی دو تا نظریه نظریه توازن قند : ما نیاز به حفظ سطح گلوکز داریم، افت این سطح تحریک به خوردن می شویم طبق این نظریه ، سطح قند خون برای گرسنگی اهمیت دارد نظریه توازن چربی :

9. Biological Factors in the Regulation of Hunger Hypothalamus Weight set point The particular level of weight that the body strives to maintain Metabolism The rate at which food is converted to energy and expended by the body as destined through heredity

10. The Hypothalamus The level of sugar in the blood and the hypothalamus are key influences on feelings of hunger. The hypothalamus is a part of the brain that regulates body temperature and various aspects of psychological motivation and emotion. Different parts of the hypothalamus control the urge to begin eating and to stop eating. Psychological Influences In human beings, psychological as well as biological factors affect feelings of hunger. Learning that certain amounts of food or drink will produce a feeling of well-being and relaxation can cause people to eat and drink when they feel upset.

12. Biological needs are based mainly on body tissue needs, such as the needs for food, water, air, temperature regulation, and pain avoidance. They can be complex because they also involve psychological factors. The acts of chewing and swallowing provide certain sensations that help satisfy the hunger drive. The hunger drive is usually fully satisfied when the body digests food. The Role of the Mouth The Hunger Drive It was once believed that hunger pangs were the cause of hunger. Now researchers know that hunger pangs play a role in hunger but are not the main factor in signaling hunger. The Role of the Stomach

14. Social Factors in Eating External social factors, based on societal rules and conventions and on what we have learned about appropriate eating behavior Associations of food with comfort and consolation via classical and operant conditioning Escape from unpleasant thoughts Settling point Determined by a combination of our genetic heritage and the nature of the environment in which we live

15. Factors Contributing to Being Overweight Highly palatable food—we eat because it tastes so good Supersize It—food portions are larger than necessary for health Cafeteria Diet Effect—more food and more variety lead us to eat more Snacking—does not cause us to eat less at dinner BMR—changes through the lifespan Sedentary lifestyles

16. Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa—characterized by excessive weight loss, irrational fear of gaining weight, and distorted body image Bulimia nervosa—characterized by binges of extreme overeating followed by self-induced purging such as vomiting, laxatives Binge-eating—disorder characterized by recurring episodes of binge eating without purging

17. Anorexia Nervosa Starve themselves to below 85% of their normal body weight. See themselves as fat. Vast majority are woman.

18. Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa Characterized by binging (eating large amounts of food) and purging (getting rid of the food).

19. Obesity Body weight that is more than 20% above the average weight for a person of a given height Severely overweight to the point where it causes health issues. Mostly eating habits but some people are predisposed towards obesity.

20. Sexual Motivation Sex is natural. Without sex, none of us would be here. How do scientists (or you) find out about sex? YOU ASK!!!!!!

21. Determination of Sexual Orientation Genetics—role suggested by twin and family studies Brain structure—differences found in hypothalamus of homosexual and heterosexual men Hormonal – androgenized females Complex issue with no clear answers

22. Sexual Motivation: The Facts of Life Androgens –Male sex hormones secreted by the testes Estrogen –Female sex hormone Progesterone –Female sex hormone Ovulation –Greatest output of female sex hormone when egg is released from the ovaries

23. Psychological Aspects of Sexual Excitement Erogenous zones –Areas of the body that have an unusually rich array of nerve receptors that are particularly sensitive not just to sexual touch, but to any kind of touch Erotic –External stimuli which, through a process of learning, have become sexually stimulating

24. Surveying Sexual Behavior Marital sex –Extramarital sex Homosexuals –Persons who are sexually attracted to members of their own sex Bisexuals –Persons who are sexually attracted to people of the same and opposite sex Masturbation –Sexual self-stimulation Heterosexuality –Sexual attraction and behavior directed towards the opposite sex Premarital sex –Double standard –Permissiveness with affection

25. Sexuality in Adulthood Majority of adults (80%) report having none or one sexual partner in the past year (marriage factor) Majority of men ages 18-59 have sex about seven times per month Majority of women ages 18-59 have sex about six times per month Vaginal intercourse is nearly universal as the most widely practiced sexual activity among heterosexual couples 50 percent of older Americans reported sexual activity at least once per month.

26. Sexual Disorders and Problems Sexual dysfunction—consistent disturbance in sexual desire, arousal, or orgasm that causes psychological distress and interpersonal difficulties 43% of women and 31% of men report sexual problems Low desire and arousal problems common among women Premature ejaculation and erectile problems common among men

27. How is Sexual Orientation Determined There has been NO evidence that sexuality is socially determined. Kids raised by gay parents are no more likely to be gay that if they were raised by hetero parents. This it is likely biologically determined.