1. Insert a DP2 Photo here GE Transportation Freight, Fuel, & Emissions Introduction to Engineering Design EDGSN 100 Section 001 Team Armadillo, Team #7 Dan Weisner, www.personal.psu.edu/djw5628, djw5628@psu.edu James Ross, www.personal.psu.edu/jpr5003@psu.edu, jpr5003@psu.edu Arianna Vetrano, www.personal.psu.edu/aqv5179, Aqv5179@psu.edu Marisa Coltabaugh, www.personal.psu.edu/mmc5582, mmc5582@psu.edu Presented to: Prof. Berezniak Date: 12/11/2015

2. Introduction Pittsburgh needs to reduce exhaust emissions from transportation to within EPA standards. The city moves 165,000 tons of freight by rail each day. However, locomotive engines must now meet EPA guidelines for Tier 3 level at least. The strategy in this report involves upgrading the 15 lowest mileage Tier 2 locomotives with after treatment to Tier 3 for a total cost of $12.75 million; selling the 25 highest mileage Tier 2 locomotives at for $37.5 million, and purchasing 25 Tier 4 locomotives for $100M totaling a cost of $62.5 million split into 2 installments over 2 years; and selling the 10 remaining next highest mileage Tier 2 locomotives for $15 million and buying 2 tow barges to compensate for, and exceed the current capacity for shipping, at $28.5 million for a net cost of $13.5 million. Giving a total project cost of $88.75 million. 2

3. 3 Transportation Mode Comparisons AdvantagesDisadvantages Truck.“Door to door” transportation. Least environmentally friendly (emits 0.0063 lbs. of hydrocarbons, 0.0190 lbs.CO2,0063 lbs. of N2O). Cargo capacity is the smallest. Least energy efficient (59 miles per gallon). Need a lot more trucks in order to transport the same amount of cargo as the Barge and the train.. Costs the most amount of money to operate ($5.35 to transport one ton of freight) Train. Can transport freight inland. Can transport freight to location fastest. For this project, trains would need to either be upgraded or new Tier 4s will have to be purchased..Transportation is limited to the range and extent of the railways. Barge. Most environmentally friendly. Can transport goods across bodies of water. Costs the least amount of money to operate: ($0.97 per mile ). Can transport the most amount of cargo at a time. (One 15 barge tow can carry 22,500 ton). Can only travel through water. This is limiting because there are only two rivers, Allegany and Monongalia which both feed into the Ohio River..Is the slowest mode of transportation compared to the train and truck. (2-5 knot range)

4. Transportation Infrastructure Condition and Capacity Overall, Pennsylvania’s infrastructure received a C- letter grade. Pennsylvania’s road conditions are rated at a D-. This is most likely due to the 8.8 million drivers that travel almost 100 billion miles a year. Pennsylvania’s bridge conditions are currently rated at a D+. About 1 in every 4 of these bridges are considered to be Structurally Deficient and about 1 in every 5 of these bridges are considered to be Functionally Obsolete. Pennsylvania’s Inland Waterway system currently has a rating of D+. None of the 17 dams in western Pennsylvania have a satisfactory rating with three of the 17 dams being in unsatisfactory condition. Of Pennsylvania’s 17 locking systems three are of satisfactory condition and six are of unsatisfactory condition. Pennsylvania’s Freight Rail System has a rating of a B, meaning most of the rail system is in good condition. Over 5,000 miles of operational freight railroads 4

5. Standard Capacity for Alternate Transportation Modes 5

6. Transportation Costs and Concept of Operations (ConOps) The cost of transporting cargo by truck is $67.00 an hour or $5.35 to move one ton of freight for every mile. The majority of the cost comes from fuel costs and driver wages. A typical tow barge carrying 22,500 tons traveling 100 miles per day costs $12,080 a day. This cost includes replacement costs, operational costs, and fuel costs. To move one ton of freight one mile by barge costs approximately $0.97. To move one ton of freight one mile by rail costs approximately $2.53. A typical RVC is about 180%. Regulations require workers to take time off between runs or shifts so that health of the worker can be maintained. Operating the large vessels that carry such large amounts of freight often come with very little space for the operator to drive the vessel and workers can feel cramped in such difficult conditions. Transporting freight by barge is the safest mode of transport and emits the least amount of greenhouse gases. 6

7. Model of Operations 7

8. EPA Diesel Emission Standards 8

9. Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) Pollutants: CO - Carbon Monoxide HC - Hydrocarbons NOx - Nitrogen Oxides PM - Particulate Matter After Treatment Technologies: DOC - within Tier 3 standards (reduce HC and CO by 60-90%, HC.12-.03 CO.6-.15) DPF - within Tier 4 standards (reduce PM by 90%,.01) CRT - within Tier 4 standards (reduce HC, CO, and PM by 95%,.015,.075, and.005) SCR - within Tier 4 standards (reduce NOx by 95%,.275) Alternative Fuels: Electric - No emissions (from engine) Natural Gas - significantly lower emissions (well within Tier 4) Biodiesel - little or no conversion necessary, but higher $/gal - - reduce emissions to Tier 3 (67% less HC, 48% less CO, 47% less PM, does not reduce NOx significantly) 9

10. Locomotive Fleet Upgrade The solution involves: upgrading 15 Tier II locomotives to Tier III buying 25 Tier IV locomotives buying 2 barge tows selling the 35 Tier II locomotives that will not be upgraded The locomotives that will be upgraded will be those with the lowest mileage, and the locomotives that will be sold will be those with the highest mileage This solution was the best balance of being cost effective and environmentally friendly. This solution has a final cost of $88.75 million, and will be implemented in parts over a four year period. 10

11. Summary Through our research we came to the conclusion that the most economical and environmentally friendly solution for transporting at least 165,000 tons of freight a day is: 15 locomotives upgraded and overhauled from Tier 2 to Tier 3 25 new Tier 4 locomotives will be bought with the money received from selling 35 locomotives that were not upgraded from Tier 2 to Tier 3 5 mineral trains would be in use and 12 freight trains would be in use. Purchase 2 barges = 189,000 tons of freight per day 11

12. Recommendations More Focus 12