1. Chapter 6 Memory

3. The mental processes that enable us to retain and sue information over time

4. Encoding

5. The process of transforming information into a form that can be entered into and retained by the memory system

6. Storage

7. The process of retaining information stored in memory so that it can be used later in time

8. Retieval

9. The process of recovering information so that we are consciously aware of it.

10. Stage model of memory

11. A model describing memory as consisting of three distinct stages; sensory memory, short term memory, and long-term memory

12. Sensory memory

13. The stage of memory that registers information from the environment and holds it for a very brief period in time

14. Short-term memory / Working Memory

15. The active stage of memory in which information is stored for about 30 seconds

16. Long-term Memory

17. The stage of memory that represents the long-term storage of information

18. Maintenance Rehearsal

19. The mental or verbal repetition of information in order to maintain it beyond the usual 30 –seconds duration of short- term memory

20. Chunking

21. Increasing the amount of info that can be held in short-term memory by grouping related items together into a single unit

22. Elaborative rehearsal

23. Rehearsal that involves focusing on the meaning of information to help encode and transfer it to long-term memory

24. Levels of Processing framework

25. the view that info that is processed at a deeper(more meaningful) level is more likely to be remembered than info that is processed at a shallow level

26. Procedural memory

27. Category of long-term memory that includes memories of different skills, operations, and actions

28. Episodic memory

29. Category of long-term memory that includes memories of particular events

30. Semantic memory

31. Category of long-term memory that includes memories of general knowledge of facts, names and concepts

32. Explicit memory

33. Information or knowledge that can be consciously recollected; also known as declarative memory

34. Implicit memory

35. Information or knowledge that affects behavior or task performance but cannot be consciously recollected

36. Clustering

37. Organizing items into related groups during recall from long-term memory

38. Semantic Network Model

39. A model that describes units of information in long-term memory as being organized in a complex network of association

40. Retrieval

41. The process of accessing stored information

42. Retrieval cue

43. A clue, prompt, or hint that helps trigger recall of a given piece of information in long-term memory

44. Retrieval Cue Failure

45. The inability to recall long-term memories because of inadequate or missing retrieval cues

46. Tip-of-the tongue Experience

47. A memory phenomenon that involves the sensation of knowing that specific information is stored in long-term memory, but being temporarily unable to retrieve it

48. Recall

49. A test of long-term memory that involves retrieving information without the aid of retrieval cues; also called Free Recall

50. Cued Recall

51. A test of the long-term memory that involves remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue

52. Recognition

53. A test of long-term memory that involves identifying correct information out of several possible choices

54. Serial Position Effect

55. The tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than items in the middle

56. Encoding Specificity Principle

57. The principle that when the conditions of information retrieval are similar to the conditions of information encoding, retrieval is more likely to be successful

58. Context effect

59. The tendency to recover information more easily when the retrieval occurs in the same setting as the original learning of the information

60. State-dependent Retrieval

61. An encoding specificity phenomenon in which information that is learned in a particular drug state is more likely to be recalled while the person is in the same state

62. Mood Congruence

63. An encoding specificity phenomenon in which a given mood to evoke memories that are consistent with that mood

64. Flashbulb Memory

65. The recall of very specific images or details surrounding a vivid, rare, or significant personal event

66. Schema

67. An organized cluster of information about a particular topic

68. Source Confusion

69. A memory distortion that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten

70. Cryptomnesia

71. A memory distortion in which a seemingly “new” or “original” memory is actually based on an unrecalled previous memory

72. Misinformation effect

73. A memory-distortion phenomenon in which a person’s existing memory can be altered if the person I exposed to misleading information

74. Forgetting

75. the inability to recall information that was previously available

76. Encoding failure

77. The inability to recall specific info because of insufficient encoding for storage in a long term memory

78. Interference Theory

79. The theory that forgetting is caused by one memory competing with or replacing the other

80. Retroactive interference

81. Forgetting in which new memory interferes with remembering an old memory; backward-acting memory interference

82. Proactive interference

83. forgetting in which the old memories interfere with remembering an old memory

84. Motivated Forgetting

85. the theory that forgetting occurs because an undesired memory is held back from awareness

86. Suppression

87. Motivated forgetting that occurs consciously

88. Repression

89. Motivated forgetting that occurs unconsciously

90. Decay theory

91. The view that forgetting is due to normal metabolic processes that occur in the brain over time

92. Memory Trace

93. The brain changes associated with a particular memory stored

94. Long-term potentiation

95. A long-lasting increase in synaptic strength between two neurons

96. Amnesia

97. Severe memory loss

98. Retrograde amnesia

99. Loss of memory, especially for episodic information; backward-acting amnesia

100. Memory consolidation

101. The gradual, physical process of converting new, long-term memories to stable, enduring long-term codes

102. Anterograde amnesia

103. Loss of memory cause by the inability to store new memories; forward- acting amnesia

104. People

105. Hermann Ebbinghaus

106. German psychologist who originated the scientific study of forgetting; plotted the first forgetting curve, which describes the basic pattern of forgetting learned information over time

107. Eric Kandel

108. American neurobiologist who won the Nobel Prize in 2000 for his work on the neural basis of learning and memory in the sea snail Aplysia

109. Karl Lashley

110. American physiological psychologist who attempted to find the specific brain location of particular memories

111. Elizabeth Loftus

112. American psychologist who has conducted extensive research on the memory distortions that can occur in eyewitness testimony

113. George Sperling

114. American psychologist who identified the duration of visual sensory memory in a series of classical experiments in 1960

115. Richard Thompson

116. American psychologist and neuroscientist who has conducted extensive research on the neurobiological foundations of learning and memory