2. WEATHERING and SOIL

3. Does The Earth’s Surface Change Slowly OR Quickly?

4. 1. _____________ - the process that breaks rocks down into smaller and smaller fragments. 2. _______________- physical or weathering; breaking into pieces. Weathering Disintegration mechanical

6. A.______________- water freezes in cracks and expands Ice wedging

7. B. ____________ - roots grow under and into other materials C.____________-digging can expose new rock surfaces to weathering Plants Animals

8. Vegetation growing in Joints

9. D.__________-rubbing or pulling due to abrasion gravity, running wateror wind

10. Water Erosion

11. E.________________- peeling action of weather rocks. exfoliation

12. This is a picture of the Half Dome. The rock is peeling away from the mountain in layers just like an onion. This is exfoliation.

13. 3._____________-___________ weathering; process that causes chemical changes to occur. Decomposition chemical

14. A.______________- carbonic acid (carbon dioxide and water) react with rock to form new substances. Carbonation

15. B. _________- oxygen combines with metallic materials (such as iron) to form rust. oxidation

16. Look at the 2 examples of WEATHERING Chemical Mechanical Are these slow or fast?

17. 4. Rates of weathering A._____________- eventually break down. All rocks

18. B. _________- rocks decompose ______ if they crystallize fast. (Ex. Marble will decompose faster than granite). Igneous faster

19. C. Sedimentary rocks decompose faster in _______ climates. humid

20. D. __________and ____________ speed up decomposition. Heat moisture

21. E. _____________and __________ speed up disintegration. Freezing thawing

22. 5. mixture of weathered rock, decayed organic matter, mineral fragments, water, and air. 6. Factors that affect soil formation A. B. C. D. E. soil- Climate Slope of land Type of rock Types of vegetation Amount of time rock has been weathered

23. 7._______ - decayed organic matter. humus

24. 8.- ______ ________ different layers of soil. soil horizon 9._____ _______ - vertical layering of all soil horizons. soil profile

26. 10._________- the process whereby dissolved minerals are carried to lower soils. leaching

27. 11. Causes of erosion A.___________ B.___________________ slope agricultural cultivation

28. C. __________________ -the removal of plants, trees, etc. for lumber, farming and grazing. deforestation

29. D. ______________ Overgrazing

30. E. _____________________ Urban construction

32. A. ______________ - cultivating sideways rows on a hill. contour plowing

33. B. _________ - building step-like levels on a hill. terracing

34. C._____________and ____________-planting different crops in different places each year. strip cropping crop rotation

35. D. ______________ - planting trees to block the wind. shelter belt

36. E. _____________ ____________- not allowing animals to eat too much of any one pasture area. F.__________________- leaving plant stalks to be tilled under in the spring when planting. Proper grazing management No till-farming

37. G. Use of _____, ____________, _____, _________ or ____________ to slow erosion. H.____________- planting trees on barren areas mulchconcrete walls stone wood mats plastic coverings reforestation

38. 13._____________ - soil is damaged from little or no rainfall causing desert-like conditions. desertification