1. WRITING A SUMMARY

2. A summary is a short and concise representation of the main points, ideas, concepts, facts or statements of a text written IN YOUR OWN WORDS. The new (target) text is: much shorter than the original (source) text does not alter the author's original idea(s) or the degree of certainty with which the ideas are expressed includes a reference to the original source of the words

3. 5 Steps 1.read 2.get close 3.select & eliminate 4.write 5.refer back

4. Source text Note text references – authour / date / place of publication Look for main thesis / secondary ideas Look for supporting arguments of thesis Look for illustrations and examples Eliminate surplus data / comment

5. Target text Maintain author’s position Make a CLEAR thesis statement Organise your text into a sequence of related points Reformulate language – reporting verbs / use of passive Use appropriately academic style – lexically dense

6. Complexity Formality Objectivity Explicitness Hedging Responsibility Always bear in mind the 6 Characteristics of Academic Writing

8. (1) The text on page 20 of Skillful Reading and Writing Student’s Book 4, published by MACMILLIAN, describes a report which provides information for a city, bidding to host The Olympic Games. (2) In its writing, the cited report draws on a wide range of sources, outlines both positive and negtative effects of holding the Games through illustration of two case studies and ends by making recommendations.

10. (3) The discussion opens with a detailed account of the necessary financial considerations, citing fonts of both possible income and potential costs.

12. (4) The text goes on to state that a contending city, and futhermore a country as a whole, will not only benefit from considerable prestige as a result of hosting the Games, but will also perceive an increase in the investment in the country’s infrastructure, development in international trade and a significant rise in levels of tourism.

13. Final check of target text Maintain author’s position Make a CLEAR thesis statement Organise your text into a sequence of related points Reformulate language – reporting verbs / use of passive Use appropriately academic style – lexically dense

14. The text on page 20 of Skillful Reading and Writing Student’s Book 4, published by MACMILLIAN, describes a report which provides information for a city, bidding to host The Olympic Games. In its writing, the cited report draws on a wide range of sources, outlines both positive and negtative effects of holding the Games through illustration of two case studies and ends by making recommendations. The discussion opens with a detailed account of the necessary financial considerations, citing fonts of both possible income and potential costs. The text goes on to state that a contending city, and futhermore a country as a whole, will not only benefit from considerable prestige as a result of hosting the Games, but will also perceive an increase in the investment in the country’s infrastructure, development in international trade and a significant rise in levels of tourism.

15. Core considerations Length : word count = 142 words Reporting verbs Paraphrasing Academic language Reformulation