1. Propulsive Drag Propulsive Lift F DRAG always opposite to segment direction F DRAG is propulsive when hand/foot moves backward in water F DRAG on hand/foot provides handle/wall FIG 14.9 page 467 F LIFT always  to segment direction hand shaped like wing moves laterally in water F LIFT pushes forward on palm FIGs 14.10,14.11,14.12

2. pg 467 FIG 14.9 F DRAG on hand opposes the direction of pull

3. Page 468 FIG 14.10 Blading/Sculling Hand to generate F LIFT

4. page 469 FIG 14.11 F LIFT on Hand using  of ATTACK

5. page 470 FIG 14.12 F LIFT on hand in  direction (forward) due to lateral motion of the hand (sculling action) F DRAG on hand in  direction (forward) due to backward motion of the hand

6. “HANDLE” for Propulsion  F DRAG retards hand/foot moving backward   hand has a “handle” foot has a “wall” to work against   shoulder and hip muscles move body more forward than hand/foot move backwards  “Slipping Handle” involves use of Drag only  “Stable/Fixed Handle” uses both Drag and Lift  FIG 14.13 on page 471 & FIG 14.14 on pg 473

7. [b] “SLIPPING” HANDLE pg 471 FIG 14.13 [a] “FIXED” HANDLE

8. Pg 473 FIG 14.14 ARMS pg 478 FIG 14.18 LEGS

9. Propulsion from Legs/Trunk  Flutter kick less for forward thrust, more for upward thrust to reduce profile drag  Propeller-like action of whip kick provides lift  Knee/Hip extensions provide drag [stable handle]  see FIG 14.18 on page 478  Dolphin Kick trunk wave = LIFT + DRAG  FIG 14.20 on page 480 & FIG 14.22 page 482

10. pg 480 FIG 14.20 pg 482 FIG 14.22

11. SWIMMING SPEED SWIMMING velocity = SL x SF stroke length x stroke frequency SL is most significant factor  SL via  Technique and  Strength SL affected by the degree of “slipping”  F LIFT + F DRAG acting on hand/arm/leg/foot results in  slippage   SL

12. Swimming Efficiency competitive swimmers need optimal efficiency Efficiency is the ratio of the propulsive force generated to the energy expended in achieving the force skilled swimmers have greater SL due to effective use of Lift along with propulsive Drag skilled swimmers have less profile drag slow swimming and fast swimming is less efficient than moderate paced swimming